- 15usc1125:actionable-interest — Entitlement to sue and protected commercial interest
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:commerce-use — Use in commerce connected with goods or services
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:commercial-injury — Judicial zone-of-interests limit to commercial injury
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:commercial-promotion — Commercial advertising or promotion
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:consumer-deception — Judicial actual-deception or tendency-to-deceive requirement
2 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:covered-defendant — Statutory person including state entities and officials
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:descriptive-fair-use — Good-faith descriptive use other than as a mark
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:domestic-use — Judicial domestic infringing-use limit
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:false-association — Misleading affiliation approval or sponsorship
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:false-fact — False or misleading factual representation
2 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:likely-confusion — Likely consumer confusion about source or sponsorship
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:materiality — Judicial materiality requirement for purchasing decisions
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:nonfunctional-dress — Claimant proves nonfunctionality
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:protected-mark — Enforceable source-identifying mark or trade dress
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:proximate-cause — Judicial proximate-causation requirement
2 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:relief — Remedy-specific proof
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1125:state-immunity — State sovereign immunity unless a valid route permits suit
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1:agreement — Concerted action ("contract, combination ... or conspiracy") between separate economic decisionmakers
17 merits instance blocks; 9 distinct cases
- 15usc1:agreement.x-monsanto-exclusion-of-independent-action — Conditional Monsanto / Matsushita inference: evidence tending to exclude the possibility of independent action when circumstantial proof is used
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1:commerce — Restraint of trade or commerce among the several States or with foreign nations
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1:injury — Private antitrust injury and fact of damage (Clayton Act §§ 4, 16; Brunswick Corp. v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat)
3 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 15usc1:injury.amount — Quantum / reasonable estimate of antitrust damages once fact of damage is established
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1:intent — Criminal mens rea: knowing participation in the conspiracy or intent to restrain trade
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1:restraint — Unreasonable restraint of trade (Standard Oil Co. v. United States)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1:restraint.market-power — Relevant product/geographic market definition and market power under the Rule of Reason
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1:restraint.per-se — Per se illegality for naked restraints manifestly anticompetitive and lacking redeeming virtue
4 merits instance blocks; 3 distinct cases
- 15usc1:restraint.quick-look — Quick-look / truncated Rule of Reason analysis for restraints with obvious anticompetitive effects
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1:restraint.rule-of-reason — Presumptive Rule of Reason burden-shifting analysis (antitrust market + anticompetitive effect vs procompetitive justification)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1:standing — Antitrust standing / efficient enforcer test (Associated General Contractors; Illinois Brick)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1:state-action-immunity — Parker v. Brown state-action immunity (Midcal two-prong test: clearly articulated state policy + active state supervision)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1:statute-of-limitations — Statute of limitations (4-year civil under 15 U.S.C. § 15b; 5-year criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 3282)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1:x-ancillary-restraints — Ancillary restraints doctrine (restraint subordinate and collateral to a legitimate productive integration)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc1:x-horizontal-cartel-via-dual-distribution — Horizontal cartel / hub-and-spoke conspiracy operating through vertical or dual-distribution arrangements
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1:x-law-of-the-case — Law-of-the-case doctrine in consolidated/MDL antitrust proceedings
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc1:x-single-entity — Copperweld / American Needle single-entity incapacity to conspire
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:commerce — Statutory commerce, mails, or exchange facility
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:economic-loss — Actual economic loss in private damages action
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:loss-causation — Causal connection between fraud and economic loss
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:materiality — Importance to a reasonable investor
3 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:purchaser-seller — Private plaintiff's purchaser or seller status
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:reliance — Private investor transaction causation
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:rule10b5 — Section 78j(b) rulemaking hook
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:scheme — Fraudulent scheme or deceptive course of business
3 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:scienter — Intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud
5 merits instance blocks; 4 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:statement — Materially false statement or misleading half-truth
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:transaction — Connection with a covered securities or swap transaction
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:transaction.security — Exchange-registered or unregistered security
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:transaction.swap — Securities-based swap agreement and statutory extension
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 15usc78j:willfulness — Additional criminal mental-state requirement
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1341:furtherance — Mailing for execution of the scheme
6 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 18usc1341:honest-services-boundary — Separate section 1346 theory; outside property-fraud claim
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1341:intent — Knowing participation with intent to defraud
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1341:mails — Statutory mailing or carrier act
4 merits instance blocks; 3 distinct cases
- 18usc1341:materiality — Material deception
2 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1341:property — Traditional money or property as an object
7 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 18usc1341:scheme — Scheme or artifice to defraud
3 merits instance blocks; 3 distinct cases
- 18usc1343:furtherance — Wire transmission for execution of scheme
4 merits instance blocks; 3 distinct cases
- 18usc1343:honest-services-boundary — Separate section 1346 theory; outside property-fraud claim
3 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 18usc1343:intent — Knowing participation with intent to defraud
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1343:interstate — Interstate or foreign transmission
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1343:materiality — Material deception
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 18usc1343:property — Traditional money or property as an object
4 merits instance blocks; 3 distinct cases
- 18usc1343:scheme — Scheme or artifice to defraud
4 merits instance blocks; 4 distinct cases
- 18usc1343:wire — Transmission or causation by wire, radio, television
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:acquisition — Acquire or maintain interest in or control of an enterprise (§ 1962(b))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:association — Defendant employed by or associated with the enterprise (§ 1962(c))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:causation — But-for and proximate causation ("by reason of", 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c))
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:commerce — Interstate or foreign commerce nexus
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:conduct — Conduct or participate in the conduct of enterprise affairs (§ 1962(c) operation or management test)
7 merits instance blocks; 4 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:conspiracy — Conspiracy to violate § 1962(a), (b), or (c) (§ 1962(d))
4 merits instance blocks; 4 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:debt — Collection of an unlawful debt (§ 1961(6)) — alternative to pattern of racketeering activity
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:enterprise — Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact
9 merits instance blocks; 8 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:enterprise.continuing-unit — Continuing-unit requirement for association-in-fact enterprise
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:enterprise.distinct-from-pattern — Enterprise as an element distinct from the pattern of racketeering activity
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:injury — Civil RICO injury to business or property (18 U.S.C. § 1964(c))
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:investment — Use or investment of racketeering income in an enterprise (§ 1962(a))
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:open-market-investment — De minimis open-market securities investment proviso (§ 1962(a))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:pattern — Pattern of racketeering activity (§ 1961(5)): at least two predicate acts with relatedness and continuity
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:pattern.continuity — Continuity of predicate acts (closed-ended or open-ended continuity)
3 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:pattern.relatedness — Relatedness of predicate acts (horizontal and vertical relatedness)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:person — Culpable person (§ 1961(3)) distinct from the enterprise under (c)
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:racketeering — Racketeering activity (§ 1961(1) enumerated state and federal predicate offenses)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:racketeering.bankruptcy-fraud — Offense involving fraud connected with a case under title 11 (§ 1961(1)(D))
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:racketeering.conspiracy — Conspiracy to commit a § 1961(1)(A) or (D) offense charged as a predicate act
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:racketeering.extortion — Hobbs Act or state-law extortion predicate (18 U.S.C. § 1951; § 1961(1)(A),(B))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:racketeering.mail-fraud — Mail or wire fraud predicate (18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343)
4 merits instance blocks; 3 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:racketeering.obstruction — Obstruction of justice / witness tampering predicate (18 U.S.C. §§ 1503, 1512)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:racketeering.securities-fraud — Fraud in the sale of securities predicate (§ 1961(1)(D))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:racketeering.stolen-property — Interstate transportation of stolen or fraudulently obtained property (18 U.S.C. §§ 2314, 2315)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:x-aiding-abetting — Civil aiding and abetting a RICO violation (rejected as a private cause of action)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:x-double-jeopardy — Fifth Amendment Double Jeopardy bar against successive RICO conspiracy/substantive prosecutions
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:x-parol-evidence-rule — Parol evidence rule raised to bar extrinsic evidence of fraudulent misrepresentations
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:x-release-prior-class-settlement — Claim preclusion / release by prior class-action settlement
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc1962:x-statute-of-limitations — Statute of limitations (4-year civil under Agency Holding; 5-year criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 3282)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:commerce-possession — Possession in or affecting commerce
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc922:commerce-receipt — Received object previously shipped or transported across borders
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:government-use — Section 925(a)(1) government-use firearm or ammunition exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:hemani-as-applied — Second Amendment limit on the unlawful-user theory applied to Hemani
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:knowledge-conduct — Knowing shipping, transportation or receipt
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:knowledge-possession — Knowledge of possessing the firearm or ammunition
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:knowledge-status — Knowledge of the relevant disqualifying status
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:object — Firearm or ammunition under section 921
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:possession — Actual or constructive possession
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 18usc922:receipt — Receipt of the prohibited object
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:shipment — Ship or transport in interstate or foreign commerce
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status — One applicable prohibited category
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g1 — Conviction punishable by more than one year
5 merits instance blocks; 5 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g2 — Fugitive from justice
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g3 — Unlawful controlled-substance user or addict
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g3.addict — Addiction alternative
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g3.user — Current unlawful use with the applicable temporal nexus
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g4 — Qualifying mental adjudication or commitment
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g4.adjudication — Qualifying determination by lawful authority
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g4.commitment — Formal commitment by lawful authority
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g5unlawful — Alien illegally or unlawfully present
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g5visa — Nonimmigrant-visa admission subject to section 922(y)(2)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g6 — Dishonorable military discharge
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g7 — Renounced United States citizenship
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g8 — Qualifying domestic-protection order
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g8.hearing — Actual notice and opportunity to participate
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g8.restraint — Protected domestic person and prohibited conduct
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g8.threat-or-force — Threat finding or explicit force prohibition
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc922:status.g9 — Misdemeanor crime of domestic violence
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc924:accomplice — Section 2 aiding and abetting route
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:armor-ammunition — Armor-piercing ammunition object
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:armor-possession — Possess the armor-piercing ammunition
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:armor-use-carry — Use or carry the armor-piercing ammunition
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:carry — Knowingly possess and convey the firearm
3 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 18usc924:during-relation — During and in relation to the predicate
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc924:firearm — Firearm object
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:furtherance — Possession advances the specific predicate
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc924:higher-minimum — Greater minimum for the same firearm conduct displaces the lower minimum
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:penalty — Sentencing consequences after offense proof
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:penalty.armor — Armor-piercing ammunition consequences
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:penalty.armor.base — Fifteen-year minimum before additional death consequences
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:penalty.armor.manslaughter — Resulting death constituting manslaughter
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:penalty.armor.murder — Resulting death constituting murder
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:penalty.base — Five-year minimum absent applicable higher minimum
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:penalty.brandish — Seven-year brandishing minimum
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:penalty.consecutive — Mandatory consecutive imprisonment; no probation
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:penalty.discharge — Ten-year discharge minimum
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc924:penalty.repeat — Later offense after final prior section 924(c) conviction
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:penalty.weapon — Special firearm types
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:possession — Knowing actual or constructive possession
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc924:predicate — Qualifying federal predicate offense
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 18usc924:predicate.drug — Enumerated federal drug felony
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc924:predicate.violence — Felony with the required force element
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 18usc924:use — Active employment of a firearm
5 merits instance blocks; 4 distinct cases
- 21usc841:act — Prohibited act under § 841(a)(1): manufacture, distribute, or dispense
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:act.dispense — Dispensing by a practitioner outside the usual course of professional practice (Ruan v. United States)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:act.distribute — Distribution (delivery / actual, constructive, or attempted transfer of a controlled substance)
3 merits instance blocks; 3 distinct cases
- 21usc841:act.manufacture — Manufacture (production, preparation, propagation, compounding, or processing of a controlled substance)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:aiding — Cross-statute route alias: see separate aiding-abetting (§ 2) and x-conspiracy-846 (§ 846) routes
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:aiding-abetting — Aiding and abetting route under 18 U.S.C. § 2 (cross-statute)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:death-results — Death or serious bodily injury results from the use of such substance (§ 841(b)(1)(A)-(C) 20-year mandatory minimum)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 21usc841:intent-to-distribute — Specific intent to manufacture, distribute, or dispense the possessed controlled substance
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 21usc841:knowledge — Mens rea: "knowingly or intentionally" (including knowledge that the substance is a controlled substance)
3 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 21usc841:possession — Possession (actual, constructive, sole, or joint dominion and control)
7 merits instance blocks; 4 distinct cases
- 21usc841:prior-conviction — Recidivist enhancement for prior conviction for a serious drug felony or serious violent felony (§ 841(b)(1), 21 U.S.C. § 851)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:quantity — Partial penalty-tier drug type and quantity table (selected § 841(b)(1)(A)-(D) hook)
4 merits instance blocks; 3 distinct cases
- 21usc841:quantity.marijuana-small-amount-no-remuneration — Misdemeanor treatment for distributing a small amount of marijuana for no remuneration (§ 841(b)(4))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:substance — Controlled substance (21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6), 812 Schedules I-V) or counterfeit substance (§ 841(a)(2))
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 21usc841:unauthorized — Authorization exception ("Except as authorized by this subchapter") for registered practitioners/handlers
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:x-categorical-match — Categorical / modified categorical comparison of state drug offense to 21 U.S.C. § 841 (INA / ACCA / Guidelines)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:x-conspiracy-846 — Drug conspiracy route under 21 U.S.C. § 846 (cross-statute)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:x-due-process-arbitrary-sentence — Fifth Amendment Due Process / Equal Protection challenge to carrier-medium weight sentencing (Chapman)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:x-entrapment — Affirmative defense of entrapment (government inducement + lack of predisposition)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:x-rule-of-lenity — Rule of lenity in construing ambiguous penalty provisions of § 841(b)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:x-vagueness — Fifth Amendment void-for-vagueness challenge to "mixture or substance" or analogue provisions
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc841:x-venue — Continuing-offense venue for § 841(a)(1) possession with intent to distribute / distribution (18 U.S.C. § 3237(a))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc846:agreement — Agreement of two or more persons to the unlawful object
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 21usc846:attempt-intent — Intent to commit the identified object offense
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 21usc846:intentional-joinder — Knowing and voluntary participation in the agreement
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 21usc846:knowledge — Knowledge of the unlawful agreement and objective
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 21usc846:object-offense — Identified offense in Subchapter I
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 21usc846:penalty — Object-offense penalty incorporation
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 21usc846:substantial-step — Conduct beyond preparation strongly corroborating intent
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 21usc846:withdrawal-limitations — Withdrawal before the applicable limitations period
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:board-participation — Filed charges or given testimony
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:construction-agreement — Conditional building-and-construction agreement allowance
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:covered-employee — Covered employee and applicable retained status
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:employer — Covered employer
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:employment-discrimination — Employment discrimination
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 29usc158:interference — Interference, restraint or coercion
4 merits instance blocks; 4 distinct cases
- 29usc158:lawful-union-security — Conditional union-security proviso
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:lawful-union-security.dues-only — Financial-only grounds without disqualifying employer knowledge
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:lawful-union-security.equal-membership — Equal membership terms without disqualifying employer knowledge
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:lawful-union-security.independence — Organization not established maintained or assisted through prohibited employer conduct
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:lawful-union-security.representation — Proper representative and no qualifying rescission
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:lawful-union-security.waiting-period — Ordinary thirty-day waiting period
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:organization-interference — Domination, interference or support of a labor organization
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:protected-right — Section 7 protected rights
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 29usc158:protected-speech — Noncoercive expression under §8(c)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:refusal-to-bargain — Alternative breaches of applicable collective-bargaining duties
3 merits instance blocks; 3 distinct cases
- 29usc158:refusal-to-bargain.contract-notices — Breach of an applicable employer contract-modification notice duty
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:refusal-to-bargain.direct-dealing — Bypassing the exclusive bargaining representative
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:refusal-to-bargain.good-faith — Failure of applicable meeting conference or agreement-execution duty
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:refusal-to-bargain.healthcare-notices — Breach of an applicable employer health-care notice or participation duty
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:representative — Employees collective-bargaining representative
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:retaliatory-action — Discharge or other discrimination for Board participation
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc158:same-decision — Same action absent unlawful motive
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 29usc158:special-circumstances — Narrow insignia-restriction justification
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 29usc158:union-purpose — Union-related discriminatory motivation
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 29usc158:working-hours-conference — Working-hours conference proviso
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:age-advertisement — Age-based notice or advertisement
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:age-causation — Judicial but-for standard for age-based treatment
4 merits instance blocks; 4 distinct cases
- 29usc623:age-disparity — Judicial impact requirement of significant causal disparity
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 29usc623:agency-practice — Agency referral discrimination
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:benefit-plan — Conditional bona fide seniority system or benefit plan
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:bfoq — Narrow bona fide occupational qualification
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:catalogue-scope — Displayed scope and specialized exclusions
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:compliance-wage-reduction — Wage reduction to comply
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:covered-advertiser — Employer agency or union advertiser
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:covered-agency — Covered employment agency
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:covered-employer — Employer coverage and exclusions
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:covered-plan-actor — Employer agency union or combination maintaining a pension plan
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:covered-union — Covered labor organization
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:employment-action — Hiring discharge or employment terms
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 29usc623:enforcement — Charge filing waiver and remedies
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:executive-retirement — Age sixty-five executive or high-policymaker compulsory retirement
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:f-exceptions — Route-conditioned statutory f(1) and f(2) alternatives
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:foreign-law — Foreign workplace conflict with local law
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:good-cause — Good cause for employer discharge or discipline
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:impact-applicant-limit — Judicial outside-applicant coverage limit where circuit precedent controls
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 29usc623:neutral-practice — Judicial impact requirement to identify a particular practice
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 29usc623:pension-age-reduction — Age-based accrual or allocation cessation or reduction
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:pension-plan — Establish or maintain an employee pension benefit plan
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:pension-safeguards — Subsection i pension qualifications and compliance
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:protected-activity — Opposition or participation
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 29usc623:protected-age — Age forty or older
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:public-safety — Conditional state firefighter and law-enforcement hiring or retirement
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 29usc623:retaliation-causation — Retaliatory causal connection
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 29usc623:retaliatory-adversity — Judicial material-adversity standard for retaliation
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 29usc623:rfoa — Reasonable factors other than age
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 29usc623:union-practice — Membership classification referral or causing discrimination
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:but-for-causation — Judicial but-for causation of contractual injury
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:catalogue-scope — Contract and retaliation scope with noncontract clauses identified
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:contractual-impairment — Formation performance termination or contractual benefits
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:defendant-knowledge — Judicial defendant-knowledge requirement for retaliation
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:hostile-environment — Judicial hostile-environment threshold and attribution
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:limitations — Claim-specific limitations and accrual
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:own-contract — Plaintiff has rights in an existing or proposed contract
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:private-actor — Nongovernmental impairment
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:protected-activity — Opposition to racial impairment of contract rights
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:protected-person — Persons protected by equal contractual rights
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:racial-intent — Judicial intentional-race-discrimination requirement
6 merits instance blocks; 4 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:remedies — Compensatory equitable punitive and fee remedies
3 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:retaliatory-adversity — Judicial material-adversity requirement for retaliation
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:retaliatory-causation — Judicial causation requirement for retaliatory injury
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1981:state-remedial-route — Judicial section 1983 remedial route for state-law impairment
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:causation — Personal involvement / causal connection ("subjects, or causes to be subjected")
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:color-of-law — Action taken "under color of" state, territorial, or D.C. law
5 merits instance blocks; 3 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:color-of-law.state-actor — Lugar prong 2: party charged with the deprivation may fairly be said to be a state actor
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:color-of-law.state-created-right — Lugar prong 1: deprivation caused by exercise of a right, privilege, or rule of conduct created by the State
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:damages — Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:dc-statute-inclusion — District of Columbia exclusive Act of Congress inclusion clause (1979 amendment)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:deprivation — Deprivation of a right, privilege, or immunity secured by the Constitution and laws
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:deprivation.due-process-fair-trial — Fourteenth Amendment Due Process right to a fair trial (Brady / fabricated evidence / unduly suggestive identification)
3 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:deprivation.due-process-liberty — Protected liberty interest under the Due Process Clause (including stigma-plus under Paul v. Davis)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:deprivation.due-process-property — Protected property interest under the Due Process Clause (Board of Regents v. Roth)
3 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:deprivation.eighth-amendment — Deprivation of Eighth Amendment right to be free from cruel and unusual punishments
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:deprivation.equal-protection — Deprivation of Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection rights
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:deprivation.first-amendment — Deprivation of First Amendment rights (free speech, retaliation, free exercise, petition)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:deprivation.fourth-amendment — Deprivation of Fourth Amendment rights (unreasonable search, warrantless entry, false arrest, excessive force)
4 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:deprivation.procedural-due-process — Deprivation of Fourteenth Amendment Procedural Due Process (protected liberty/property interest + inadequate process)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:deprivation.substantive-due-process — Deprivation of Fourteenth Amendment Substantive Due Process
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:judicial-officer-injunctive-relief — Statutory bar on injunctive relief against a judicial officer acting in a judicial capacity (1996 amendment)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:person — Suable "person" (natural person in individual capacity, official in official capacity for prospective relief, or municipality; excludes States)
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:policy — Municipal policy or custom as moving force (Monell v. Department of Social Services)
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:policy.failure-to-train — Municipal failure to train or supervise amounting to deliberate indifference (City of Canton v. Harris)
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:qualified-immunity — Qualified immunity for government officials sued in individual capacity (Harlow v. Fitzgerald; Pearson v. Callahan)
9 merits instance blocks; 5 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:standing-injury — Judicial standing prerequisite, separate from damages remedy
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:statute-of-limitations — Borrowed state personal-injury statute of limitations (42 U.S.C. § 1988; Wilson v. Garcia; Owens v. Okure)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:x-absolute-immunity — Common-law absolute immunity (judicial, prosecutorial, legislative, witness functions)
2 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:x-abuse-of-governmental-power — Rejected extra element: separate proof of "abuse of governmental power" (Collins v. City of Harker Heights)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:x-collateral-estoppel — Issue preclusion / collateral estoppel from prior state criminal or civil judgment (Allen v. McCurry)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:x-eleventh-amendment — Eleventh Amendment state sovereign immunity bar (official-capacity damages / retrospective relief)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:x-federal-action — Federal action / Fifth Amendment claim (outside § 1983 state-law scope)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:x-habeas-exhaustion — Preiser / Heck v. Humphrey favorable-termination and habeas-exclusivity bar
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:x-interlocutory-jurisdiction — Collateral-order appellate jurisdiction over interlocutory qualified-immunity denials (Mitchell v. Forsyth; Johnson v. Jones)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:x-issue-not-raised-below — Appellate preservation / forfeiture of issue not raised in district court
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc1983:x-malicious-prosecution — Section 1983 malicious prosecution claim (Fourth Amendment / procedural due process)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:adverse-action — Adverse employment action affecting compensation, terms, conditions, privileges, or status
11 merits instance blocks; 9 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:adverse-action-a2 — adverse-action-a2 statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:because-of — Discriminatory causation ("because of" protected trait)
9 merits instance blocks; 6 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:bfoq — Bona fide occupational qualification (§ 2000e-2(e)(1))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:bona-fide-seniority-or-merit-system — Bona fide seniority/merit system or professionally developed ability test (§ 2000e-2(h))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:communist-organization — communist-organization statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:employer — Covered entity: employer, employment agency, or labor organization
8 merits instance blocks; 7 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:employer-reason — Employer's legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason (McDonnell Douglas step 2)
4 merits instance blocks; 3 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:employment-agency-route — employment-agency-route statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:hostile-environment — Severe or pervasive hostile or abusive working environment
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:hostile-environment.employer-liability — Basis for imputing harassment liability to the employer
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:impact — Particular employment practice causing a disparate impact on a protected group
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:impact.alternative — Less discriminatory alternative employment practice that the employer refuses to adopt (§ 2000e-2(k)(1)(A)(ii))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:impact.business-necessity — Job-related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity (§ 2000e-2(k)(1)(A)(i))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:indian-preference — indian-preference statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:judgment-order-preclusion — Subsection (n) limits challenges to covered litigated or consent judgments or orders
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:judgment-order-scope — judgment-order-scope statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:k2-intentional-limit — k2-intentional-limit statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:k3-controlled-substance — k3-controlled-substance statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:labor-organization-causation — labor-organization-causation statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:labor-organization-route — labor-organization-route statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:motivating-factor — Impermissible motivating factor in mixed-motive cases (§ 2000e-2(m))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:national-security — national-security statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:no-preference-imbalance — no-preference-imbalance statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:pretext — Pretext for discrimination (McDonnell Douglas step 3)
3 merits instance blocks; 2 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:protected-class — Protected trait: race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy/abortion), or national origin
10 merits instance blocks; 10 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:qualified — Qualified for the position / meeting legitimate employer expectations
5 merits instance blocks; 5 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:religious-institution — religious-institution statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:retaliation — Retaliation for protected Title VII activity (42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a))
6 merits instance blocks; 4 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:retaliation.protected-activity — Protected opposition or participation activity under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:test-score-discrimination — test-score-discrimination statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:training-program — training-program statutory route or exception
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:x-bottom-line — Rejected "bottom-line" racial or gender balance defense to a discriminatory pass/fail barrier (Connecticut v. Teal)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:x-disparate-impact-compliance — Strong-basis-in-evidence defense for race-conscious action taken to avoid disparate-impact liability (Ricci v. DeStefano)
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:x-failure-to-accommodate — Failure to reasonably accommodate religious observance or practice (§§ 2000e-2(a)(1), 2000e(j))
1 merits instance blocks; 1 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:x-prior-arbitration — Rejected defense that an adverse CBA arbitration precludes a Title VII action (Alexander v. Gardner-Denver)
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases
- 42usc2000e-2:x-same-decision — Mixed-motive same-decision partial affirmative defense (42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)(2)(B))
0 merits instance blocks; 0 distinct cases