AND · 42usc1981:private-actor
Subsection (c) reaches private racial discrimination. A contractual discrimination action against a private defendant does not require state action; corporate attribution and personal participation remain necessary to identify a liable defendant.
Exact element source
The rights protected by this section are protected against impairment by nongovernmental discrimination and impairment under color of State law.Source:
docroot/ir/usc/title42.jsonl#title42_sec1981; Unicode character offsets [823:967] (end exclusive); SHA-256 5e5aa212ab2f30dd84c80b0b228057e2c583768ee608c391e0ac73d92e609577.Routes and case patterns
| Route | Definition | Merits instance blocks | Distinct merits cases | Examples (up to 3 cases per count group) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| _whole accepted; 2 observed cases | The element is decided as a whole: the reasoning turns on no narrower doctrinal sub-question that distinguishes it from any other application of this element. | 2 Satisfied 2; not satisfied 0; excluded context 0 | 2 | Benzinger v. Nysarc, Inc. — 385 F. Supp. 3d 224 (2019) · United States District Court for the Southern District of New York · 2019 — satisfied · pleaded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) · applied/merits · counted Beasley v. Warren Unilube, Inc. — 933 F.3d 932 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit · 2019 — satisfied · conceded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) · applied/merits · counted |
How courts decided this element
| Case | Element | Holding and scope | Pattern | Exact source quotations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benzinger v. Nysarc, Inc. — 385 F. Supp. 3d 224 (2019) · United States District Court for the Southern District of New York · 2019 — satisfied · pleaded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Nongovernmental impairment | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: pleaded | lobby-security-services-company | Defendant UPS is a New York limited liability company that contracted to provide security services to 83 Maiden Lane.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_385.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/385/0224-01; Unicode character offsets [1444:1561] (end exclusive); SHA-256 f29c44f2016756282164a32fb21b2c74eb5c6b0c427966477adcbf86cf6b918b. |
| Beasley v. Warren Unilube, Inc. — 933 F.3d 932 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit · 2019 — satisfied · conceded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Nongovernmental impairment | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: conceded | manufacturing-employer | Warren produces motor oil and other automotive lubricants.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_933.jsonl#/f3d/933/0932-01; Unicode character offsets [326:384] (end exclusive); SHA-256 d1846e5db0885bf3d16f8d6cd950b6760f1243f8ce4d85d57186f67ae976e1e0. |