AND · 18usc1962:enterprise
Turkette and Boyle govern association-in-fact enterprises: purpose + relationships among associates + longevity sufficient to pursue the purpose.
Exact element source
any enterpriseSource:
docroot/ir/usc/title18.jsonl#title18_sec1962; Unicode character offsets [1632:1646] (end exclusive); SHA-256 6caae47f43b5ab0899b660616e298363bd36f9f540d915c2be11eb7126f5e27d.any enterpriseSource:
docroot/ir/usc/title18.jsonl#title18_sec1962; Unicode character offsets [500:514] (end exclusive); SHA-256 6caae47f43b5ab0899b660616e298363bd36f9f540d915c2be11eb7126f5e27d.any enterpriseSource:
docroot/ir/usc/title18.jsonl#title18_sec1962; Unicode character offsets [1458:1472] (end exclusive); SHA-256 6caae47f43b5ab0899b660616e298363bd36f9f540d915c2be11eb7126f5e27d.Routes and case patterns
| Route | Definition | Merits instance blocks | Distinct merits cases | Examples (up to 3 cases per count group) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unclassified route provisional; provisional (1 case) | no definition yet | 0 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 0; excluded context 1 | 0 | Used only in non-merits blocks (1). Excluded context examples:Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz — 976 F.2d 1016 (1992) · United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit · 1992 — not reached · basis not recorded (18usc1962: author: Fable · QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md)) · applied/merits · not counted |
| association-in-fact provisional; 10 observed cases | Whether a group that is not a legal entity is an enterprise: purpose, relationships, longevity (Turkette, Boyle). | 8 Satisfied 3; not satisfied 5; excluded context 4 | 7 | Goldfine v. Sichenzia — 118 F. Supp. 2d 392 (2000) · United States District Court for the Southern District of New York · 2000 — not · pleaded (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) · applied/merits · counted Negrete v. Allianz Life Insurance Co. of North America — 926 F. Supp. 2d 1143 (2013) · United States District Court for the Central District of California · 2013 — satisfied · triable (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) · applied/merits · counted Fleetwood Servs., LLC v. Complete Bus. Solutions Grp., Inc. — 374 F. Supp. 3d 361 (2019) · United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania · 2019 — satisfied · pleaded (18usc1962: author: Flash1 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) · applied/merits · counted United States v. Calabrese — 490 F.3d 575 (2007) · United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit · 2007 — not reached · basis not recorded (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: FIX (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) · background/procedural · not counted National Organization for Women, Inc. v. Scheidler — 510 U.S. 249 (1994) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1994 — not reached · basis not recorded (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: FIX (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) · rule-announced/merits · not counted Boyle v. United States — 556 U.S. 938 (2009) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2009 — satisfied · proved (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) · applied/lower-court · not counted Boyle v. United States — 556 U.S. 938 (2009) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2009 — not reached · basis not recorded (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) · rule-announced/merits · not counted |
| legal-entity provisional; 3 observed cases | Whether a corporation, cooperative or other legal entity is the enterprise. | 3 Satisfied 3; not satisfied 0; excluded context 0 | 3 | United States v. Weisman — 624 F.2d 1118 (1980) · United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 1980 — satisfied · proved (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) · applied/merits · counted Reves v. Ernst — 507 U.S. 170 (1993) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1993 — satisfied · assumed (18usc1962: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) · applied/merits · counted Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King — 533 U.S. 158 (2001) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2001 — satisfied · pleaded (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) · applied/merits · counted |
How courts decided this element
| Case | Element | Holding and scope | Pattern | Exact source quotations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goldfine v. Sichenzia — 118 F. Supp. 2d 392 (2000) · United States District Court for the Southern District of New York · 2000 — not · pleaded (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | not Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: pleaded; claim: (a),(c),(d); party: alleged enterprise of the three borrowers (later adding the title-agent defendants); count: § 1962(c) claim (Claim 119); subject: party=alleged enterprise of the three borrowers (later adding the title-agent defendants); count=§ 1962(c) claim (Claim 119) "Would the enterprise still exist with the predicate acts removed?" test. Members' separate individual businesses do not count; the group as a whole needs a common link beyond the fraud. Pre-Boyle strictness. | no-existence-apart-from-fraud-scheme | Plaintiffs originally alleged that Michael Sichenzia, Lisa Sichenzia and Patrick Cott-rell were the only “members” of the enterprise.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_118.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/118/0392-01; Unicode character offsets [6795:6928] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7a6992301d8f07cdcfefb2ba1333ee88e7724e88e90a83145c93f1937232b139.In the case at bar, the Plaintiffs unequivocally stated, at section 5(b)(B) of their original Civil RICO Statement, that “[t]he purpose of the enterprise was to obtain monies from the Plaintiffs under false pretenses.”Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_118.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/118/0392-01; Unicode character offsets [24799:25017] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7a6992301d8f07cdcfefb2ba1333ee88e7724e88e90a83145c93f1937232b139.There is no allegation in the Amended Complaint or the Civil RICO Statement of what activity, if any, the alleged enterprise ever engaged-in other than the alleged predicate acts.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_118.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/118/0392-01; Unicode character offsets [25039:25218] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7a6992301d8f07cdcfefb2ba1333ee88e7724e88e90a83145c93f1937232b139.Additionally, Plaintiffs fail to allege any chain of command of the enterprise, or how, if at all the alleged “members” functioned as an integrated group or directed the affairs of the alleged enterprise apart from the predicate acts themselves.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_118.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/118/0392-01; Unicode character offsets [25432:25677] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7a6992301d8f07cdcfefb2ba1333ee88e7724e88e90a83145c93f1937232b139.Further, in a fraud-based RICO claim, if the sole purpose of the alleged enterprise is to perpetrate the alleged fraud, there can be no enterprise for RICO purposes.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_118.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/118/0392-01; Unicode character offsets [24274:24439] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7a6992301d8f07cdcfefb2ba1333ee88e7724e88e90a83145c93f1937232b139.The test is whether the predicate acts differed from the usual and daily activities of the enterprise itself.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_118.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/118/0392-01; Unicode character offsets [26136:26245] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7a6992301d8f07cdcfefb2ba1333ee88e7724e88e90a83145c93f1937232b139.Plaintiff identifies no purpose of the enterprise except to engage in the racketeering activity, no group (as opposed to individual) activity other than the racketeering activity, and no on-going structure except the conduct of racketeering.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_118.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/118/0392-01; Unicode character offsets [28099:28340] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7a6992301d8f07cdcfefb2ba1333ee88e7724e88e90a83145c93f1937232b139.As the Plaintiffs failed to allege the existence of an enterprise that has any existence separate and apart from the purported predicate acts, they fail to state a claim under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), and their Claim 119, brought under that provision must be dismissed as a matter of law.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_118.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/118/0392-01; Unicode character offsets [28846:29130] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7a6992301d8f07cdcfefb2ba1333ee88e7724e88e90a83145c93f1937232b139. |
| Negrete v. Allianz Life Insurance Co. of North America — 926 F. Supp. 2d 1143 (2013) · United States District Court for the Central District of California · 2013 — satisfied · triable (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: triable; claim: (c),(d) Existence of the enterprise (purpose/relationships) was held triable in the PRIOR order (MSJ Order No. 2), only recited here; this opinion adds the distinctness analysis under `person`. | manufacturer-and-distribution-network | In the late 1990s, Allianz — and LifeUSA Holding Inc., which merged with Allianz in 1999— began acquiring ownership interests in certain FMOs under the banner of “Project Procure.”Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_926.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/926/1143-01; Unicode character offsets [12184:12364] (end exclusive); SHA-256 21289dc912cdd3fe1c08a082d0c16baed1b869223da6aebc79966cadcfbee6ee.Moreover, this Court has previously found that the MAC Board members have demonstrated a “high degree of coordinated conduct with respect to targeted sales to seniors.”Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_926.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/926/1143-01; Unicode character offsets [12927:13095] (end exclusive); SHA-256 21289dc912cdd3fe1c08a082d0c16baed1b869223da6aebc79966cadcfbee6ee.While the evidence supports plaintiffs’ contention that all of the FMOs work with Allianz with a view towards selling as many annuity products as possible in the senior market, this common purpose and other evidence of coordination does not make the FMOs and Allianz indistinguishable.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_926.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/926/1143-01; Unicode character offsets [20390:20675] (end exclusive); SHA-256 21289dc912cdd3fe1c08a082d0c16baed1b869223da6aebc79966cadcfbee6ee.Under Boyle, an association-in-fact enterprise must have “a purpose, relationships among those associated with the enterprise, and longevity sufficient to permit these associates to pursue the enterprise’s purpose.”Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_926.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/926/1143-01; Unicode character offsets [9353:9568] (end exclusive); SHA-256 21289dc912cdd3fe1c08a082d0c16baed1b869223da6aebc79966cadcfbee6ee.On October 13, 2011, 2011 WL 4852314, the Court denied the motion, finding that disputed issues of material fact precluded summary judgment on the required elements of (1) a RICO enterprise; (2) an injury “by reason of’ the conduct constituting the alleged RICO violation; and (3) a RICO conspiracy.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_2d_926.jsonl#/f-supp-2d/926/1143-01; Unicode character offsets [2641:2940] (end exclusive); SHA-256 21289dc912cdd3fe1c08a082d0c16baed1b869223da6aebc79966cadcfbee6ee. |
| Fleetwood Servs., LLC v. Complete Bus. Solutions Grp., Inc. — 374 F. Supp. 3d 361 (2019) · United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania · 2019 — satisfied · pleaded (18usc1343: author: Flash3 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md); 18usc1962: author: Flash1 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: pleaded; claim: (c); party: CBSG and PTF (moving defendants: the funder/servicer and the broker); count: Count IV, civil RICO § 1962(c); theory: association-in-fact "Lending Enterprise" of Doe investors, broker PTF and funder/servicer CBSG; subject: party=CBSG and PTF (moving defendants: the funder/servicer and the broker); count=Count IV, civil RICO § 1962(c); theory=association-in-fact "Lending Enterprise" of Doe investors, broker PTF and funder/servicer CBSG Association-in-fact enterprise adequately pleaded under both Turkette and Boyle; the court also rejected the argument that providers of "routine credit services" fall outside RICO enterprises. | investors supply capital, a broker originates and a funder services usurious merchant cash advances | PTF and CBSG, along with the unidentified Investor Defendants, work together to fund, originate, underwrite, and service loans, which, like their consumer analogs, feature exorbitant annualized interest rates.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_374.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/374/0361-01; Unicode character offsets [1444:1653] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c041cf6cf58e2814a8ec0b0d635cfd00b5b7a557d2adb7ffa3eb21670f1c22db.there were relationships between each of the members (the John and Jane Does provided the capital, PTF brokered the loans, and CBSG serviced them), and sufficient longevity (from at least 2015) to accomplish that purposeSource: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_374.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/374/0361-01; Unicode character offsets [25040:25260] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c041cf6cf58e2814a8ec0b0d635cfd00b5b7a557d2adb7ffa3eb21670f1c22db.Rather, the Amended Complaint explains how they each worked together in this scheme to originate, underwrite, and service loans with illegal interest rates.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_374.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/374/0361-01; Unicode character offsets [24427:24583] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c041cf6cf58e2814a8ec0b0d635cfd00b5b7a557d2adb7ffa3eb21670f1c22db.Here, Plaintiffs allege the existence of an "association-in-fact" enterprise, which requires its own three-part showing: "(1) there exists an ongoing organization, formal or informal; (2) the various associates of the organization function as a continuing unit; and (3) the organization has an existence separate and apart from the alleged pattern of racketeering activity."Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_374.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/374/0361-01; Unicode character offsets [22447:22821] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c041cf6cf58e2814a8ec0b0d635cfd00b5b7a557d2adb7ffa3eb21670f1c22db.The Court finds the Amended Complaint satisfies both Turkette and Boyle at this stage.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_374.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/374/0361-01; Unicode character offsets [23355:23441] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c041cf6cf58e2814a8ec0b0d635cfd00b5b7a557d2adb7ffa3eb21670f1c22db. |
| Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp. — 567 F. Supp. 1146 (1983) · United States District Court for the District of New Jersey · 1983 — not · pleaded (18usc1962: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | not Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: pleaded; claim: (b),(c),(d); party: Southmost, Tri-State, Gellman and Alfieri (two corporations and two officers), individually or collectively; subject: party=Southmost, Tri-State, Gellman and Alfieri (two corporations and two officers), individually or collectively Bare label "defendants are enterprises"; an alleged conspiracy to defraud is not itself an enterprise. Also holds a group of corporations + individuals is not a "group of individuals associated in fact". (Reversed on appeal, 742 F.2d 786 (3d Cir. 1984) -- annotator's knowledge, not in this text.) | defendants-merely-named-as-enterprises | First, plaintiff merely asserts that “defendants Southmost, Tri-State, Gellman and Alfieri are enterprises” (eomplaint, First Count, ¶ 17) without clarifying whether all four defendants comprise one enterprise or whether each defendant constitutes an “enterprise.”Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_567.jsonl#/f-supp/567/1146-01; Unicode character offsets [8537:8801] (end exclusive); SHA-256 3836bc32665b8e1a72ea181c77043419d514089c013853f5fc10624d665e146c.Aside from assertions that the four defendants conspired with each other and committed numerous fraudulent acts, plaintiff does not mention any identifiable structure which would encompass all four defendants.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_567.jsonl#/f-supp/567/1146-01; Unicode character offsets [10020:10229] (end exclusive); SHA-256 3836bc32665b8e1a72ea181c77043419d514089c013853f5fc10624d665e146c.In fact, defendant Alfieri is only alleged to be an officer and controlling person of defendant Southmost and is not alleged to have any connection with defendant Tri-State.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_567.jsonl#/f-supp/567/1146-01; Unicode character offsets [14712:14885] (end exclusive); SHA-256 3836bc32665b8e1a72ea181c77043419d514089c013853f5fc10624d665e146c.The Third Circuit held that the first requirement of an “ongoing organization” is a showing that a structure exists for group decision making, whether it be hierarchial or consensual.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_567.jsonl#/f-supp/567/1146-01; Unicode character offsets [8079:8262] (end exclusive); SHA-256 3836bc32665b8e1a72ea181c77043419d514089c013853f5fc10624d665e146c.If it were to be determined that an “enterprise” is sufficiently pleaded whenever a plaintiff avers that any two or more otherwise unassociated individuals agree to commit two or more acts of business fraud, this would effectively eliminate the enterprise element of RICO and drastically expand federal jurisdiction over all business torts which involve use of the mails or telephones.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_567.jsonl#/f-supp/567/1146-01; Unicode character offsets [12825:13210] (end exclusive); SHA-256 3836bc32665b8e1a72ea181c77043419d514089c013853f5fc10624d665e146c.For all the above reasons, I find that the First Count of plaintiff’s complaint is deficient since it fails to allege the existence of an “ongoing organization” which is the first element of the RICO “enterprise” requirement.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_567.jsonl#/f-supp/567/1146-01; Unicode character offsets [15169:15394] (end exclusive); SHA-256 3836bc32665b8e1a72ea181c77043419d514089c013853f5fc10624d665e146c. |
| United States v. Weisman — 624 F.2d 1118 (1980) · United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 1980 — satisfied · proved (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: proved; claim: (c); party: Westchester Premier Theatre (the enterprise); count: the 1973 stock offering, before the Theatre was built or operating; subject: party=Westchester Premier Theatre (the enterprise); count=the 1973 stock offering, before the Theatre was built or operating A corporation in its organizational/financing phase is already an enterprise; (c) does not reach predicate acts committed before the enterprise exists. | corporation-before-business-operations-began | Weisman argues that because the Theatre was not constructed and in operation until 1975, it was not an “enterprise” in 1973 when the acts of securities fraud took place.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f2d_624.jsonl#/f2d/624/1118-01; Unicode character offsets [19060:19229] (end exclusive); SHA-256 9f02652be952ebf06fe5bc7850efdd6237ac4cd8110d7ce9690b75ad54eaa6ed.For example, after its incorporation in 1971, the Theatre adopted bylaws, secured counsel and hired employees, established offices, sought a construction loan, entered negotiations with a real estate firm for a construction site, and began entering performance contracts with various entertainers.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f2d_624.jsonl#/f2d/624/1118-01; Unicode character offsets [19875:20172] (end exclusive); SHA-256 9f02652be952ebf06fe5bc7850efdd6237ac4cd8110d7ce9690b75ad54eaa6ed.While that provision is apparently inapplicable to acts of racketeering occurring before the creation or acquisition of an enterprise, we believe that there was sufficient evidence to allow the jury to conclude that an enterprise was in existence well before the acts of securities fraud in 1973.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f2d_624.jsonl#/f2d/624/1118-01; Unicode character offsets [19578:19874] (end exclusive); SHA-256 9f02652be952ebf06fe5bc7850efdd6237ac4cd8110d7ce9690b75ad54eaa6ed.We reject this view as an overly restrictive interpretation on these facts of the meaning of “enterprise” within the context of that section.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f2d_624.jsonl#/f2d/624/1118-01; Unicode character offsets [19436:19577] (end exclusive); SHA-256 9f02652be952ebf06fe5bc7850efdd6237ac4cd8110d7ce9690b75ad54eaa6ed. |
| Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz — 976 F.2d 1016 (1992) · United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit · 1992 — not reached (18usc1962: author: Fable · QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md)) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits claim: (c),(d) | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| United States v. Calabrese — 490 F.3d 575 (2007) · United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit · 2007 — not reached (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: FIX (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | not_reached Excluded from merits counts background / procedural claim: (d); party: the Chicago Outfit (enterprise charged in 2005) vs. the Carlisi and Calabrese street crews (enterprises in the earlier prosecutions); theory: identity of the enterprise across prosecutions (parent organization vs. component crews); subject: party=the Chicago Outfit (enterprise charged in 2005) vs. the Carlisi and Calabrese street crews (enterprises in the earlier prosecutions); theory=identity of the enterprise across prosecutions (parent organization vs. component crews) Not a holding that an enterprise exists (uncontested) but that enterprise A != enterprise B: parent criminal organization and its crews treated like parent corporation and subsidiaries. Dissent: crews are "branch offices", same enterprise. Was `satisfied [pleaded]` (QA2). Nothing about the enterprise element is decided: the court provisionally treats the charged Outfit as a different enterprise from the crews, for double-jeopardy purposes only. Fact polarity here is relative to "an enterprise distinct from the crews is charged". | organized-crime-parent-distinct-from-its-street-crews | The two street crews are components of the "Chicago Outfit," the lineal descendant of Al Capone's gangSource: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_490.jsonl#/f3d/490/0575-01; Unicode character offsets [1336:1438] (end exclusive); SHA-256 d3f7952bc44164fe54f852372a101a8e7a1d40c97a01f7a57d5fb26c65d9e235.the other appellant, was charged in a 1995 indictment, together with six others, with participation in a similar conspiracy, though the offense period was 1978 through 1992 and the enterprise was a different street crew-the Street Crew.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_490.jsonl#/f3d/490/0575-01; Unicode character offsets [1010:1246] (end exclusive); SHA-256 d3f7952bc44164fe54f852372a101a8e7a1d40c97a01f7a57d5fb26c65d9e235.Of course, being an illegal enterprise, it cannot have formal subsidiaries, but if the street crews are functional subsidiaries, that should suffice for purposes of analyzing a double jeopardy defense.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_490.jsonl#/f3d/490/0575-01; Unicode character offsets [10692:10893] (end exclusive); SHA-256 d3f7952bc44164fe54f852372a101a8e7a1d40c97a01f7a57d5fb26c65d9e235.The enterprise is the Chicago Outfit, and insofar as is known at this time, it is a different enterprise from the Carlisi and Calabrese street crews.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_490.jsonl#/f3d/490/0575-01; Unicode character offsets [7026:7175] (end exclusive); SHA-256 d3f7952bc44164fe54f852372a101a8e7a1d40c97a01f7a57d5fb26c65d9e235. |
| Crest Construction II, Inc. v. Doe — 660 F.3d 346 (2011) · United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit · 2011 — not · pleaded (18usc1962: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | not Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: pleaded; claim: (c) Listing commonly-owned companies and lenders/backers of one dealership, without facts showing how they relate to each other or share a purpose, pleads no association-in-fact. Court cites Boyle's three features but applies the older circuit "ascertainable structure distinct from the pattern" test. | conclusory-web-of-related-companies | The complaint broadly and nonspecifically alleges Defendants formed and operated an “association in fact” that fraudulently grew a “web of interrelated” commonly-owned and managed companies that engaged in a host of “fraudulent and illegal” business practices, including mail and wire fraud, and used this association in fact to fraudulently induce Plaintiffs to purchase third-party vehicle loan accounts from On Time Auto and to purchase — then lose — an equity interest in On Time Auto.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_660.jsonl#/f3d/660/0346-01; Unicode character offsets [9089:9578] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7242ae3a845a9fa3ef9d25b96ac25219b1844b6afcfbaf06badc6e8e5c6be7c8.The complaint further asserts that Defendants used On Time Auto as a front to maximize and divert the revenues and profits of the illegal enterpriseSource: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_660.jsonl#/f3d/660/0346-01; Unicode character offsets [9670:9818] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7242ae3a845a9fa3ef9d25b96ac25219b1844b6afcfbaf06badc6e8e5c6be7c8.In their complaint, Plaintiffs merely suggest that at indefinite times, in nondescript ways, and for unidentified purposes, some, but not all Defendants provided On Time Auto with funds or services.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_660.jsonl#/f3d/660/0346-01; Unicode character offsets [19056:19254] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7242ae3a845a9fa3ef9d25b96ac25219b1844b6afcfbaf06badc6e8e5c6be7c8.In deciding whether an alleged RICO enterprise has an ascertainable structure distinct from the pattern of racketeering activity, we must “determine if the enterprise would still exist were the predicate acts removed from the equation.”Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_660.jsonl#/f3d/660/0346-01; Unicode character offsets [13086:13322] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7242ae3a845a9fa3ef9d25b96ac25219b1844b6afcfbaf06badc6e8e5c6be7c8.we note that these assertions are more of the same eonclusory allegations that altogether fail to establish how the Defendants are associated with each other or the RICO enterprise.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_660.jsonl#/f3d/660/0346-01; Unicode character offsets [15813:15994] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7242ae3a845a9fa3ef9d25b96ac25219b1844b6afcfbaf06badc6e8e5c6be7c8.The district court found Plaintiffs failed to properly plead the RICO elements of an enterprise, a pattern of racketeering activity, and at least two predicate acts committed by each defendant. We agree.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_660.jsonl#/f3d/660/0346-01; Unicode character offsets [11595:11798] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7242ae3a845a9fa3ef9d25b96ac25219b1844b6afcfbaf06badc6e8e5c6be7c8. |
| Chang v. Chen — 80 F.3d 1293 (1996) · United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit · 1996 — not · pleaded (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | not Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: pleaded; claim: (c),(d); theory: separate structure supplied by naming the non-party brokerage George Realty as a member; subject: theory=separate structure supplied by naming the non-party brokerage George Realty as a member A corporate member supplies separate structure only if it actually plays a role (shield, front, conduit for proceeds); merely listing a legal entity does not. | passive-corporation-named-as-member | The second amended complaint alleged that George Realty was part of the enterprise, but did not name George Realty as a defendant and did not explain George Realty’s relationship to or participation in the alleged enterprise, except to note that Eddie Lin was the real estate agent representing George Realty.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [23320:23629] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb.Although George Realty had a legal existence separate from the racketeering activity, Appellants did not allege that it participated in the racketeering activity.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [23630:23792] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb.It is true that the involvement of a corporation, which has an existence separate from its participation in the racketeering activity, can satisfy the enterprise element’s requirement of a separate structure.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [21908:22116] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb.Thus, the mention of George Realty in the description of the alleged enterprise fails to satisfy the separate structure requirement.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [24413:24545] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb. |
| Chang v. Chen — 80 F.3d 1293 (1996) · United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit · 1996 — not · pleaded (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | not Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: pleaded; claim: (c),(d); party: Lin and the two Gabryehs (sellers + sales agent); theory: association-in-fact structured only by the repeated land-fraud transactions; subject: party=Lin and the two Gabryehs (sellers + sales agent); theory=association-in-fact structured only by the repeated land-fraud transactions Same roles repeated across ~31 transactions (same modus operandi) is not structure: no decision-making apparatus, no separate mechanism for distributing proceeds. One allegation that sellers "directed" the agent shows at most a conspiracy, and a conspiracy is not an enterprise. Adopts the then-majority "separate ascertainable structure" test (later relaxed by Boyle v. United States, 2009 -- not in this opinion). | no-structure-beyond-predicate-acts | According to the second amended complaint, Appellee Eddie Lin, Appellee Eugene Gabryeh, Appellee Marian Gabryeh and George Realty formed a RICO enterprise by associating in fact to conduct the above described fraudulent real estate transactions.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [4539:4784] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb.Each Appellee allegedly was in charge of and played a vitally important role in controlling and managing a specific phase of the enterprise’s activities.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [4785:4938] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb.Each Appellee conducted his or her role in the alleged fraudulent real estate transactions autonomously.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [19639:19743] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb.The proceeds were allocated to Appellees in a manner consistent with ordinary real estate transactions.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [21324:21427] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb.We hold that a RICO enterprise must have an ascertainable structure separate and apart from the structure inherent in the conduct of the pattern of racketeering activity.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [1065:1235] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb.The structure should provide “some mechanism for controlling and directing the affairs of the group on an ongoing, rather than an ad hoe, basis.”Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [17926:18071] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb.Rather, it is sufficient to show that the organization has an existence beyond that which is merely necessary to commit the predicate acts of racketeering.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [18362:18517] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb.Appellants have not alleged a structure to the organization beyond that which was inherent in the alleged acts of racketeering-activity.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [19041:19177] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb.This lone statement that the Gabryches directed Lin’s actions is insufficient to establish that there was an enterprise separate and apart from the predicate acts.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_80.jsonl#/f3d/80/1293-01; Unicode character offsets [20225:20388] (end exclusive); SHA-256 26cde6fa4ab06011a337a0eb0c4944860e40f7ebb537337a05e0b8e6b410e5bb. |
| United States v. Mathis — 932 F.3d 242 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit · 2019 — satisfied · proved (18usc1962: author: Flash1 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: proved; claim: (d); party: the six defendants (Halisi, Stokes, Kweli, Mersadies, Shantai, Mathis), members of the Double Nine Goon Syndikate (DNGS) set of the Bloods; count: Count 1 RICO conspiracy, § 1962(d); theory: sufficiency of the evidence; subject: party=the six defendants (Halisi, Stokes, Kweli, Mersadies, Shantai, Mathis), members of the Double Nine Goon Syndikate (DNGS) set of the Bloods; count=Count 1 RICO conspiracy, § 1962(d); theory=sufficiency of the evidence Sufficiency upheld: the gang set was an association-in-fact enterprise under Turkette/Boyle; its hierarchy, though not required, was additional evidence. | street-gang set with insignia, rules, regular meetings, mutual protection and a ranked leadership council | DNGS members received tattoos and wore red clothing signifying their membership in the gang, congregated regularly at membership meetings, and had a set of governing rules that members were expected to follow.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_932.jsonl#/f3d/932/0242-01; Unicode character offsets [30283:30492] (end exclusive); SHA-256 57793dd1aba827b59bff9ad538c0e503981d9c40eec6cbde662c786050cc5ea5.Members shared a common function and purpose, namely, to enrich members of the gang by "putting in work" through the commission of violent crimes and selling drugs.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_932.jsonl#/f3d/932/0242-01; Unicode character offsets [30493:30657] (end exclusive); SHA-256 57793dd1aba827b59bff9ad538c0e503981d9c40eec6cbde662c786050cc5ea5.And here, the government's evidence established that DNGS had a clearly delineated leadership structure.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_932.jsonl#/f3d/932/0242-01; Unicode character offsets [30960:31064] (end exclusive); SHA-256 57793dd1aba827b59bff9ad538c0e503981d9c40eec6cbde662c786050cc5ea5.The Supreme Court has explained that an "association-in-fact enterprise" must have "at least three structural features: a purpose, relationships among those associated with the enterprise, and longevity sufficient to permit these associates to pursue the enterprise's purpose."Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_932.jsonl#/f3d/932/0242-01; Unicode character offsets [29754:30031] (end exclusive); SHA-256 57793dd1aba827b59bff9ad538c0e503981d9c40eec6cbde662c786050cc5ea5.Here, the government presented sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that DNGS was an "enterprise," within the meaning of the RICO statute.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_932.jsonl#/f3d/932/0242-01; Unicode character offsets [30117:30282] (end exclusive); SHA-256 57793dd1aba827b59bff9ad538c0e503981d9c40eec6cbde662c786050cc5ea5. |
| Reves v. Ernst — 507 U.S. 170 (1993) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1993 — satisfied · assumed (18usc1962: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: assumed; claim: (c) The victim cooperative is the enterprise; its status as such is not in dispute. | cooperative | The Farmer’s Cooperative of Arkansas and Oklahoma, Inc. (Co-Op), began operating in western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma in 1946.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_507.jsonl#/us/507/0170-01; Unicode character offsets [815:945] (end exclusive); SHA-256 2419fe5704d7ee89eb2a2ed333e17382cbc6492e0021af1984bb9a47dcfe95a2. |
| National Organization for Women, Inc. v. Scheidler — 510 U.S. 249 (1994) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1994 — not reached (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: FIX (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | not_reached Excluded from merits counts rule-announced / merits claim: (c),(d); party: Pro-Life Action Network (PLAN), a coalition of antiabortion groups; subject: party=Pro-Life Action Network (PLAN), a coalition of antiabortion groups Politically/ideologically motivated group with no profit-seeking purpose can be a (c) enterprise; the enterprise under (c) is the "vehicle", not the "victim" or "prize" as under (a)/(b). Was `satisfied [law]`: the Court held only that no economic motive is required and reversed a 12(b)(6) dismissal resting on that supposed requirement; whether PLAN is an enterprise in any other respect was not adjudicated. | non-economic-advocacy-coalition | Respondents are a coalition of antiabortion groups called the Pro-Life Action Network (PLAN), Joseph Scheidler and other individuals and organizations that oppose legal abortion, and a medical laboratory that formerly provided services to the two petitioner health care centers.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_510.jsonl#/us/510/0249-01; Unicode character offsets [1051:1329] (end exclusive); SHA-256 cb4e617ad929914e8013956e456c6d025b7f974213b9a4c541b1fdd0f9d49931.The amended complaint alleged that respondents were members of a nationwide conspiracy to shut down abortion clinics through a pattern of racketeering activity including extortion in violation of the Hobbs Act, 18 U. S. C. § 1951.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_510.jsonl#/us/510/0249-01; Unicode character offsets [2432:2662] (end exclusive); SHA-256 cb4e617ad929914e8013956e456c6d025b7f974213b9a4c541b1fdd0f9d49931.According to the amended complaint, PLAN constitutes the alleged racketeering “enterprise” for purposes of § 1962(c).Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_510.jsonl#/us/510/0249-01; Unicode character offsets [3337:3454] (end exclusive); SHA-256 cb4e617ad929914e8013956e456c6d025b7f974213b9a4c541b1fdd0f9d49931.Consequently, since the enterprise in subsection (c) is not being acquired, it need not have a property interest that can be acquired nor an economic motive for engaging in illegal activity; it need only be an association in fact that engages in a pattern of racketeering activity.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_510.jsonl#/us/510/0249-01; Unicode character offsets [12588:12869] (end exclusive); SHA-256 cb4e617ad929914e8013956e456c6d025b7f974213b9a4c541b1fdd0f9d49931.Congress has not, either in the definitional section or in the operative language, required that an “enterprise” in § 1962(c) have an economic motive.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_510.jsonl#/us/510/0249-01; Unicode character offsets [15516:15666] (end exclusive); SHA-256 cb4e617ad929914e8013956e456c6d025b7f974213b9a4c541b1fdd0f9d49931.We hold only that RICO contains no economic motive requirement.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_510.jsonl#/us/510/0249-01; Unicode character offsets [18463:18526] (end exclusive); SHA-256 cb4e617ad929914e8013956e456c6d025b7f974213b9a4c541b1fdd0f9d49931. |
| Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King — 533 U.S. 158 (2001) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2001 — satisfied · pleaded (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: pleaded; claim: (c); party: Don King Productions, a corporation (non-party; the alleged "enterprise"); subject: party=Don King Productions, a corporation (non-party; the alleged "enterprise") Enterprise is the defendant's own legitimate corporation used as "vehicle"; existence of the enterprise was not contested. | closely-held-corporation | the president and sole shareholder of Don King Productions, a corporationSource: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_533.jsonl#/us/533/0158-01; Unicode character offsets [1348:1421] (end exclusive); SHA-256 4a05c3529d1a4290e7525b1ae0fd4713c5f1ea12a0eeedd68da3f1beb58dbc82.This case concerns a claim that a corporate employee is the “person” and the corporation is the “enterprise.”Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_533.jsonl#/us/533/0158-01; Unicode character offsets [8039:8148] (end exclusive); SHA-256 4a05c3529d1a4290e7525b1ae0fd4713c5f1ea12a0eeedd68da3f1beb58dbc82.defines “enterprise” to include a “corporation.”Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_533.jsonl#/us/533/0158-01; Unicode character offsets [7222:7270] (end exclusive); SHA-256 4a05c3529d1a4290e7525b1ae0fd4713c5f1ea12a0eeedd68da3f1beb58dbc82. |
| Boyle v. United States — 556 U.S. 938 (2009) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2009 — satisfied · proved (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | satisfied Excluded from merits counts applied / lower-court basis: proved; claim: (c),(d); party: the bank-theft crew: a core group plus occasional recruits (the alleged association-in-fact enterprise); Edmund Boyle (defendant; petitioner); count: § 1962(c) substantive RICO count; § 1962(d) RICO conspiracy count; subject: party=the bank-theft crew: a core group plus occasional recruits (the alleged association-in-fact enterprise); Edmund Boyle (defendant; petitioner); count=§ 1962(c) substantive RICO count; § 1962(d) RICO conspiracy count The jury's finding: a leaderless, informally organised crew WAS an enterprise; conviction affirmed. This Court approved the instruction under which the jury found it and did not review sufficiency (certiorari limited); the facts are what the trial evidence "was sufficient to prove". v1 history: `satisfied [proved]` in v0, demoted to not-reached by QA2 because this Court reviewed only the instruction; v1.1 restores it as a finding-below. | informal-crew | Petitioner and others participated in a series of bank thefts in New York, New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin during the 1990’s. The participants in these crimes included a core group, along with others who were recruited from time to time.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_556.jsonl#/us/556/0938-01; Unicode character offsets [692:929] (end exclusive); SHA-256 99ef954d45808712c583df14cb17e97e5d92bb262b6755f45cc77de65f9c6a51.Each theft was typically carried out by a group of participants who met beforehand to plan the crime, gather tools (such as crowbars, fishing gaffs, and walkie-talkies), and assign the roles that each participant would play (such as lookout and driver). The participants generally split the proceeds from the thefts.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_556.jsonl#/us/556/0938-01; Unicode character offsets [1125:1441] (end exclusive); SHA-256 99ef954d45808712c583df14cb17e97e5d92bb262b6755f45cc77de65f9c6a51.From 1991 to 1994, the core group was responsible for more than 30 night-deposit-box thefts.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_556.jsonl#/us/556/0938-01; Unicode character offsets [1641:1733] (end exclusive); SHA-256 99ef954d45808712c583df14cb17e97e5d92bb262b6755f45cc77de65f9c6a51. |
| Boyle v. United States — 556 U.S. 938 (2009) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2009 — not reached (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Enterprise (§ 1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact | not_reached Excluded from merits counts rule-announced / merits claim: (c),(d); party: the bank-theft crew: a core group plus occasional recruits (the alleged association-in-fact enterprise); subject: party=the bank-theft crew: a core group plus occasional recruits (the alleged association-in-fact enterprise) This Court's own ruling (rule-announced): no leader, hierarchy, name, fixed roles or master plan is required; purpose + relationships + longevity suffice. The test is stated and the instruction measured against it; it is not applied to the evidence. | informal-crew | an association-in-fact enterprise must have at least three structural features: a purpose, relationships among those associated with the enterprise, and longevity sufficient to permit these associates to pursue the enterprise’s purposeSource: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_556.jsonl#/us/556/0938-01; Unicode character offsets [7754:7989] (end exclusive); SHA-256 99ef954d45808712c583df14cb17e97e5d92bb262b6755f45cc77de65f9c6a51.Such a group need not have a hierarchical structure or a “chain of command”; decisions may be made on an ad hoc basis and by any number of methods — by majority vote, consensus, a show of strength, etc.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_556.jsonl#/us/556/0938-01; Unicode character offsets [11974:12176] (end exclusive); SHA-256 99ef954d45808712c583df14cb17e97e5d92bb262b6755f45cc77de65f9c6a51.The instructions the District Court Judge gave to the jury in this case were correct and adequate.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_556.jsonl#/us/556/0938-01; Unicode character offsets [16941:17039] (end exclusive); SHA-256 99ef954d45808712c583df14cb17e97e5d92bb262b6755f45cc77de65f9c6a51. |
Court interpretations
interpretation
an association-in-fact enterprise must have at least three structural features: a purpose, relationships among those associated with the enterprise, and longevity sufficient to permit these associates to pursue the enterprise’s purpose
Boyle v. United States — 556 U.S. 938 (2009) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2009 (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed)
an association-in-fact enterprise must have at least three structural features: a purpose, relationships among those associated with the enterprise, and longevity sufficient to permit these associates to pursue the enterprise’s purposeSource:
docroot/ir/caselaw/us_556.jsonl#/us/556/0938-01; Unicode character offsets [7754:7989] (end exclusive); SHA-256 99ef954d45808712c583df14cb17e97e5d92bb262b6755f45cc77de65f9c6a51.Turkette and Boyle govern association-in-fact enterprises: purpose + relationships among associates + longevity sufficient to pursue the purpose.
interpretation
Such a group need not have a hierarchical structure or a “chain of command”; decisions may be made on an ad hoc basis and by any number of methods — by majority vote, consensus, a show of strength, etc.
Boyle v. United States — 556 U.S. 938 (2009) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2009 (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed)
Such a group need not have a hierarchical structure or a “chain of command”; decisions may be made on an ad hoc basis and by any number of methods — by majority vote, consensus, a show of strength, etc.Source:
docroot/ir/caselaw/us_556.jsonl#/us/556/0938-01; Unicode character offsets [11974:12176] (end exclusive); SHA-256 99ef954d45808712c583df14cb17e97e5d92bb262b6755f45cc77de65f9c6a51.Turkette and Boyle govern association-in-fact enterprises: purpose + relationships among associates + longevity sufficient to pursue the purpose.
interpretation
Congress has not, either in the definitional section or in the operative language, required that an “enterprise” in § 1962(c) have an economic motive.
National Organization for Women, Inc. v. Scheidler — 510 U.S. 249 (1994) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1994 (18usc1962: author: Fable · historical QA: FIX (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed)
Congress has not, either in the definitional section or in the operative language, required that an “enterprise” in § 1962(c) have an economic motive.Source:
docroot/ir/caselaw/us_510.jsonl#/us/510/0249-01; Unicode character offsets [15516:15666] (end exclusive); SHA-256 cb4e617ad929914e8013956e456c6d025b7f974213b9a4c541b1fdd0f9d49931.Turkette and Boyle govern association-in-fact enterprises: purpose + relationships among associates + longevity sufficient to pursue the purpose.
interpretation
The latter type of enterprise, an "association-in-fact," is a group of persons associated together for a common purpose of engaging in a course of conduct and requires evidence of an ongoing organization, formal or informal, and evidence that the various associates function as a continuing unit.
Llacua v. Western Range Ass'n — 930 F.3d 1161 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2019 (18usc1962: author: Flash1 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md))
The latter type of enterprise, an "association-in-fact," is a group of persons associated together for a common purpose of engaging in a course of conduct and requires evidence of an ongoing organization, formal or informal, and evidence that the various associates function as a continuing unit.Source:
docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_930.jsonl#/f3d/930/1161-01; Unicode character offsets [17447:17743] (end exclusive); SHA-256 cc9bea2fae30255ea5832b87a42b4f4094eeed54bb0faae67c52b993a3ef075f.Turkette and Boyle govern association-in-fact enterprises: purpose + relationships among associates + longevity sufficient to pursue the purpose.
interpretation
Here, Plaintiffs allege the existence of an "association-in-fact" enterprise, which requires its own three-part showing: "(1) there exists an ongoing organization, formal or informal; (2) the various associates of the organization function as a continuing unit; and (3) the organization has an existence separate and apart from the alleged pattern of racketeering activity.
Fleetwood Servs., LLC v. Complete Bus. Solutions Grp., Inc. — 374 F. Supp. 3d 361 (2019) · United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania · 2019 (18usc1962: author: Flash1 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md))
Here, Plaintiffs allege the existence of an "association-in-fact" enterprise, which requires its own three-part showing: "(1) there exists an ongoing organization, formal or informal; (2) the various associates of the organization function as a continuing unit; and (3) the organization has an existence separate and apart from the alleged pattern of racketeering activity.Source:
docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_374.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/374/0361-01; Unicode character offsets [22447:22820] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c041cf6cf58e2814a8ec0b0d635cfd00b5b7a557d2adb7ffa3eb21670f1c22db.Turkette and Boyle govern association-in-fact enterprises: purpose + relationships among associates + longevity sufficient to pursue the purpose.
not-required
Economic or profit-seeking motive (NOW v. Scheidler, 510 U.S. 249 (1994))
No source quotation recorded.
not-required
Formal hierarchy, chain of command, fixed roles, name, regular meetings, or bylaws (Boyle v. United States, 556 U.S. 938 (2009))
No source quotation recorded.