AND · 18usc924:predicate.drug
Exact element source
(2) For purposes of this subsection, the term "drug trafficking crime" means any felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. 951 et seq.), or chapter 705 of title 46.Source:
docroot/ir/usc/title18.jsonl#title18_sec924; Unicode character offsets [6388:6648] (end exclusive); SHA-256 899fad466e76614e7f7b0bb794089010ef0af034312bcd194c76394228dbfdc4.Routes and case patterns
| Route | Definition | Merits instance blocks | Distinct merits cases | Examples (up to 3 cases per count group) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unclassified route provisional; 2 observed cases | no definition yet | 0 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 0; excluded context 2 | 0 | Used only in non-merits blocks (2). Excluded context examples:Bailey v. United States — 516 U.S. 137 (1995) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1995 — not reached · basis not recorded (18usc924: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) · applied/merits · not counted Rosemond v. United States — 572 U.S. 65 (2014) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2014 — not reached · basis not recorded (18usc924: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) · rule-announced/merits · not counted |
| felony-under-csa provisional; 3 observed cases | Whether the predicate is a felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act. | 1 Satisfied 1; not satisfied 0; excluded context 2 | 1 | United States v. Alverio-Meléndez — 640 F.3d 412 (2011) · United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit · 2011 — satisfied · proved (18usc924: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) · applied/merits · counted United States v. Ocampo — 890 F.2d 1363 (1989) · United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit · 1989 — satisfied · proved (18usc924: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) · applied/lower-court · not counted United States v. Holland — 116 F.3d 1353 (1997) · United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 1997 — satisfied · proved (18usc924: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/wave2-cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) · applied/lower-court · not counted |
| felony-under-import-export-act provisional; 0 observed cases | Felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act. | 0 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 0; excluded context 0 | 0 | Never used: no annotation uses in this snapshot |
| felony-under-maritime-drug-law provisional; 0 observed cases | Felony punishable under title 46 chapter 705. | 0 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 0; excluded context 0 | 0 | Never used: no annotation uses in this snapshot |
| state-felony-federal-misdemeanor provisional; provisional (1 case) | Whether conduct that is a state felony but only a federal misdemeanor qualifies (Lopez v. Gonzales). | 0 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 0; excluded context 2 | 0 | Used only in non-merits blocks (2). Excluded context examples:Lopez v. Gonzales — 549 U.S. 47 (2006) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2006 — satisfied · law (18usc924: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) · comparator/dissent · not counted Lopez v. Gonzales — 549 U.S. 47 (2006) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2006 — not · law (18usc924: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) · comparator/merits · not counted |
How courts decided this element
| Case | Element | Holding and scope | Pattern | Exact source quotations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States v. Ocampo — 890 F.2d 1363 (1989) · United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit · 1989 — satisfied · proved (18usc924: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) | Enumerated federal drug felony | satisfied Excluded from merits counts applied / lower-court basis: proved; claim: (c)(1); party: Ocampo and Escobar; subject: party=Ocampo and Escobar Jury verdicts on the drug counts; their sufficiency is not challenged on appeal (only suppression and the 841(b) quantity finding are), so the predicate is a finding below that this court does not review. | csa/felony | Defendants Juan Carlos Ocampo and Luis Alfonso Escobar were each convicted by a federal jury of conspiring to possess with intent to distribute approximately ten kilograms of cocaine (Count I), possessing with intent to distribute approximately ten kilograms of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (Counts II and III)Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f2d_890.jsonl#/f2d/890/1363-01; Unicode character offsets [22:367] (end exclusive); SHA-256 e699608e067b8f06d6f5b6d302a4c98cc2cc7bf61d9d69b090e1570dffbe3abe. |
| United States v. Holland — 116 F.3d 1353 (1997) · United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 1997 — satisfied · proved (18usc924: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/wave2-cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Enumerated federal drug felony | satisfied Excluded from merits counts applied / lower-court basis: proved; claim: (c)(1); party: Holland; subject: party=Holland Jury conviction on the 841(a)(1) count, affirmed on direct appeal and not in issue here. | csa/felony | Kenneth Wayne Holland was convicted of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1)Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_116.jsonl#/f3d/116/1353-01; Unicode character offsets [22:136] (end exclusive); SHA-256 009438fcc9986a862dab6e536f87dd90ffb69c8d6d1ff9836d80b1c1b859efb8. |
| United States v. Alverio-Meléndez — 640 F.3d 412 (2011) · United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit · 2011 — satisfied · proved (18usc924: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) | Enumerated federal drug felony | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: proved; claim: (c)(1)(A); party: Gómez (passenger, alleged owner of the drugs); subject: party=Gómez (passenger, alleged owner of the drugs) The predicate is the 21 U.S.C. 846 conspiracy to possess cocaine with intent to distribute, itself a count of conviction; its sufficiency (reviewed as Gómez's drug conviction) is carried over as the first 924(c) element. Alverio did not contest the predicate. | csa/felony | Gómez, whom Rodriguez knew as “El Flaco,” was the person who told him about prices while Alverio looked on silentlySource: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_640.jsonl#/f3d/640/0412-01; Unicode character offsets [8471:8586] (end exclusive); SHA-256 b0386972fcb35c1f10ba94cb15f3a9301336c12f44dac5815a6c3d160bbe41c8.Rodriguez asked if the drugs he was going to buy belonged to “the skinny guy” whom he had met at his mother’s house, and Alverio responded affirmativelySource: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_640.jsonl#/f3d/640/0412-01; Unicode character offsets [8719:8871] (end exclusive); SHA-256 b0386972fcb35c1f10ba94cb15f3a9301336c12f44dac5815a6c3d160bbe41c8.Furthermore, toll records showed that after Alverio spoke with Rodriguez on February 4, the same phone that Alverio had used to speak with Rodriguez was used to dial a cell phone number that corresponded to the cell phone that Gómez had on the day of the arrest.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_640.jsonl#/f3d/640/0412-01; Unicode character offsets [8873:9135] (end exclusive); SHA-256 b0386972fcb35c1f10ba94cb15f3a9301336c12f44dac5815a6c3d160bbe41c8.Gómez notes that Alverio, not he, spoke to and negotiated with Rodríguez, and that he was never seen handling the drugs.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_640.jsonl#/f3d/640/0412-01; Unicode character offsets [6672:6792] (end exclusive); SHA-256 b0386972fcb35c1f10ba94cb15f3a9301336c12f44dac5815a6c3d160bbe41c8.Furthermore, Gómez points out that no government agent could corroborate Rodriguez’s testimony that Alverio identified Gómez as the owner of the drugs on the day of the arrest.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_640.jsonl#/f3d/640/0412-01; Unicode character offsets [6978:7154] (end exclusive); SHA-256 b0386972fcb35c1f10ba94cb15f3a9301336c12f44dac5815a6c3d160bbe41c8.In order to sustain a conviction for conspiracy under 21 U.S.C. § 846, the evidence must show that (1) a conspiracy existed, (2) the defendant had knowledge of the conspiracy, and (3) the defendant knowingly and voluntarily participated in the conspiracy.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_640.jsonl#/f3d/640/0412-01; Unicode character offsets [7352:7607] (end exclusive); SHA-256 b0386972fcb35c1f10ba94cb15f3a9301336c12f44dac5815a6c3d160bbe41c8.As discussed above, there was sufficient evidence here to support the conclusion that Gómez committed a drug trafficking crime.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_640.jsonl#/f3d/640/0412-01; Unicode character offsets [11896:12023] (end exclusive); SHA-256 b0386972fcb35c1f10ba94cb15f3a9301336c12f44dac5815a6c3d160bbe41c8. |
| Bailey v. United States — 516 U.S. 137 (1995) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1995 — not reached (18usc924: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) | Enumerated federal drug felony | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits claim: (c)(1) Underlying drug offenses not contested here. | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| Lopez v. Gonzales — 549 U.S. 47 (2006) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2006 — satisfied · law (18usc924: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) | Enumerated federal drug felony | satisfied Excluded from merits counts comparator / dissent basis: law; claim: (c)(2); count: South Dakota conviction; opinion: Thomas, J., dissenting; subject: count=South Dakota conviction; opinion=Thomas, J., dissenting Dissent reads the definition as two separate requirements (a felony under state or federal law; conduct punishable at all under the CSA) and treats the "may be prosecuted in a court of the United States" clause of (c)(1)(A) as the only federal-crime limit. | csa/state-felony-but-federal-misdemeanor-possession | Accordingly, by the plain terms of § 924(c)(2), conduct prohibited by the CSA may qualify as a “drug trafficking crime” if under either federal law or state law the conduct is punishable by more than one year of imprisonment.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_549.jsonl#/us/549/0047-01; Unicode character offsets [25580:25805] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c5a4efdff6ab039d0f2e96dc61370983f283212699d67d060f5b4e290b367fb1.Lopez’s state felony offense qualifies as a “drug trafficking crime” as defined in § 924(c)(2).Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_549.jsonl#/us/549/0047-01; Unicode character offsets [23550:23645] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c5a4efdff6ab039d0f2e96dc61370983f283212699d67d060f5b4e290b367fb1. |
| Lopez v. Gonzales — 549 U.S. 47 (2006) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2006 — not · law (18usc924: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) | Enumerated federal drug felony | not Excluded from merits counts comparator / merits basis: law; claim: (c)(2); count: South Dakota conviction, S.D. Codified Laws 22-42-5 / 22-3-3 (aiding and abetting possession of cocaine); theory: whether a state felony that the CSA punishes only as a misdemeanor is a "felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act"; subject: count=South Dakota conviction, S.D. Codified Laws 22-42-5 / 22-3-3 (aiding and abetting possession of cocaine); theory=whether a state felony that the CSA punishes only as a misdemeanor is a "felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act" Construction of the (c)(2) definition in its borrowed INA setting: "felony punishable under the CSA" means punishable AS A FELONY under the CSA (more than one year), whatever the State calls it. Simple possession is a federal misdemeanor under 21 U.S.C. 844(a), so the state conviction is not a "drug trafficking crime". Nothing is found about any firearm conduct; the block says what kind of offense can serve as a 924(c) drug predicate. Federal possession felonies (cocaine base over five grams, recidivist possession) do qualify. | csa/state-felony-but-federal-misdemeanor-possession | In 1997, he was arrested on state charges in South Dakota, pleaded guilty to aiding and abetting another person’s possession of cocaine, and was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_549.jsonl#/us/549/0047-01; Unicode character offsets [2239:2422] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c5a4efdff6ab039d0f2e96dc61370983f283212699d67d060f5b4e290b367fb1.Commerce, however, was no part of Lopez’s South Dakota offense of helping someone else to possess, and certainly it is no element of simple possession, with which the State equates that crime.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_549.jsonl#/us/549/0047-01; Unicode character offsets [6650:6842] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c5a4efdff6ab039d0f2e96dc61370983f283212699d67d060f5b4e290b367fb1.Yet the Government admits it has never begun a prosecution under 18 U. S. C. § 924(c)(1)(A) where the underlying “drug trafficking crime” was a state felony but a federal misdemeanor.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_549.jsonl#/us/549/0047-01; Unicode character offsets [12180:12363] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c5a4efdff6ab039d0f2e96dc61370983f283212699d67d060f5b4e290b367fb1.Unless a state offense is punishable as a federal felony it does not count.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_549.jsonl#/us/549/0047-01; Unicode character offsets [9019:9094] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c5a4efdff6ab039d0f2e96dc61370983f283212699d67d060f5b4e290b367fb1.for purposes of § 924(c)(2) the crimes the CSA defines as “felonies” are those crimes to which it assigns a punishment exceeding one year’s imprisonment.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_549.jsonl#/us/549/0047-01; Unicode character offsets [20029:20182] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c5a4efdff6ab039d0f2e96dc61370983f283212699d67d060f5b4e290b367fb1.In sum, we hold that a state offense constitutes a “felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act” only if it proscribes conduct punishable as a felony under that federal law.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_549.jsonl#/us/549/0047-01; Unicode character offsets [16281:16464] (end exclusive); SHA-256 c5a4efdff6ab039d0f2e96dc61370983f283212699d67d060f5b4e290b367fb1. |
| Rosemond v. United States — 572 U.S. 65 (2014) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2014 — not reached (18usc924: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) | Enumerated federal drug felony | not_reached Excluded from merits counts rule-announced / merits claim: (c)(1)(A); 18 U.S.C. 2 The marijuana sale as predicate was not in issue. | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |