AND · 42usc1983:damages
Remedy-specific damages issue retained for CASE compatibility. Compensatory damages require proof of compensable loss; nominal damages and other remedies have distinct rules. Article III standing is separately represented by standing-injury and is not synonymous with a damages award.
Exact element source
shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redressSource:
docroot/ir/usc/title42.jsonl#title42_sec1983; Unicode character offsets [404:516] (end exclusive); SHA-256 88fe01322b9d94860a669ec452f558146e2745845070bc43583671ce12acb2bb.Routes and case patterns
| Route | Definition | Merits instance blocks | Distinct merits cases | Examples (up to 3 cases per count group) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unclassified route provisional; 12 observed cases | no definition yet | 0 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 0; excluded context 12 | 0 | Used only in non-merits blocks (12). Excluded context examples:FCC v. AT&T Inc. — 608 U.S. ___ (2026) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2026 — not reached · basis not recorded (42usc1983: author: Flash1 · QA: PASS (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) · comparator/merits · not counted Dye v. City of Warren — 367 F. Supp. 2d 1175 (2005) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio · 2005 — not reached · basis not recorded (42usc1983: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) · applied/merits · not counted Thompson v. Community Action of Greater Wilmington, Inc. — 567 F. Supp. 1159 (1983) · United States District Court for the District of Delaware · 1983 — not reached · basis not recorded (42usc1983: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) · applied/merits · not counted |
| _whole accepted; provisional (1 case) | The element is decided as a whole: the reasoning turns on no narrower doctrinal sub-question that distinguishes it from any other application of this element. | 0 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 0; excluded context 1 | 0 | Used only in non-merits blocks (1). Excluded context examples:Hudson v. McMillian — 503 U.S. 1 (1992) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1992 — satisfied · proved (42usc1983: author: Fable · QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md)) · applied/lower-court · not counted |
How courts decided this element
| Case | Element | Holding and scope | Pattern | Exact source quotations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FCC v. AT&T Inc. — 608 U.S. ___ (2026) · Supreme Court of the United States · 2026 — not reached (42usc1983: author: Flash1 · QA: PASS (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts comparator / merits theory: statutory comparator for 'shall be liable'; subject: theory=statutory comparator for 'shall be liable' The Court cites § 1983 as a comparator for the phrase 'shall be liable to the party injured,' demonstrating that the language creates a right to sue rather than an automatic obligation to pay immediately. | Unspecified route | Compare, for instance, 42 U. S. C. §1983. That statute provides that a state actor who violates a person’s constitutional rights “shall be liable to the party injured.” That means only that the victim may sue the perpetrator.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/clus_cl.jsonl#/cl/10870061; Unicode character offsets [30801:31026] (end exclusive); SHA-256 051bfa2a431a4802c1c945d740d52bce5a83aab2b673d22affc7ae39c392bb6b. |
| Dye v. City of Warren — 367 F. Supp. 2d 1175 (2005) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio · 2005 — not reached (42usc1983: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / meritsInjury evidence (hospital records vs. plaintiff's affidavit) is used to gauge reasonableness of force, not decided as a damages element. | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| Thompson v. Community Action of Greater Wilmington, Inc. — 567 F. Supp. 1159 (1983) · United States District Court for the District of Delaware · 1983 — not reached (42usc1983: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| Kamenesh v. City of Miami — 772 F. Supp. 583 (1991) · United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida · 1991 — not reached (42usc1983: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| Dodson v. Polk County — 628 F.2d 1104 (1980) · United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit · 1980 — not reached (42usc1983: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| Calabretta v. Floyd — 189 F.3d 808 (1999) · United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit · 1999 — not reached (42usc1983: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| Johnson v. Caudill — 475 F.3d 645 (2007) · United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit · 2007 — not reached (42usc1983: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| Henderson v. Glanz — 813 F.3d 938 (2015) · United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2015 — not reached (42usc1983: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| Galloway v. County of Nassau — 141 F.4th 417 (2025) · Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2025 — not reached (42usc1983: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/cases-QA2.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| Hafer v. Melo — 502 U.S. 21 (1991) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1991 — not reached (42usc1983: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| Hudson v. McMillian — 503 U.S. 1 (1992) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1992 — satisfied · proved (42usc1983: author: Fable · QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md)) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | satisfied Excluded from merits counts applied / lower-court basis: proved Award reinstated by the reversal; no damages rule stated. The opinion's "injury" discussion is about the constitutional violation, not about 1983 damages. | compensatory/small-award-for-minor-physical-injury | The Magistrate awarded Hudson damages of $800.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_503.jsonl#/us/503/0001-01; Unicode character offsets [1809:1855] (end exclusive); SHA-256 312cc989003e278cd808b5781c7340ad0273605ed6762af44d590ac6ceae31cf. |
| Collins v. City of Harker Heights — 503 U.S. 115 (1992) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1992 — not reached (42usc1983: author: Fable · not independently reviewed) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| American Manufacturers Mutual Insurance v. Sullivan — 526 U.S. 40 (1999) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1999 — not reached (42usc1983: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-v1-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed) | Damages remedy (legacy CASE id; not a prerequisite for prospective relief) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
Court interpretations
interpretation
As to claims for reinstatement brought against Hafer in her official capacity, the court rested on our statement in Will that state officials sued for injunctive relief in their official capacities are “persons” subject to liability under § 1983.
Hafer v. Melo — 502 U.S. 21 (1991) · Supreme Court of the United States · 1991 (42usc1983: author: Fable · historical QA: PASS (QA1, neov2/qa/cases-QA1.md) · changed after review; current content not independently reviewed)
As to claims for reinstatement brought against Hafer in her official capacity, the court rested on our statement in Will that state officials sued for injunctive relief in their official capacities are “persons” subject to liability under § 1983.Source:
docroot/ir/caselaw/us_502.jsonl#/us/502/0021-01; Unicode character offsets [2191:2437] (end exclusive); SHA-256 b981c1cb2a9bf4bab619f49a26674002633c907c86f39bd53f955befb5605c07.Remedy-specific damages issue retained for CASE compatibility. Compensatory damages require proof of compensable loss; nominal damages and other remedies have distinct rules. Article III standing is separately represented by standing-injury and is not synonymous with a damages award.