AND · 42usc1981:but-for-causation
This judicial requirement is not verbatim statutory language. Comcast rejected a motivating-factor pleading rule and importing Title VII’s mixed-motive standard. But-for does not mean race must be the sole cause. The official opinion is an external annotation, not a fabricated local IR rule quote.
Exact element source
shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contractsSource:
docroot/ir/usc/title42.jsonl#title42_sec1981; Unicode character offsets [121:205] (end exclusive); SHA-256 5e5aa212ab2f30dd84c80b0b228057e2c583768ee608c391e0ac73d92e609577.Routes and case patterns
| Route | Definition | Merits instance blocks | Distinct merits cases | Examples (up to 3 cases per count group) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unclassified route provisional; 2 observed cases | no definition yet | 0 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 0; excluded context 2 | 0 | Used only in non-merits blocks (2). Excluded context examples:Haynes v. Waste Connections, Inc. — 922 F.3d 219 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit · 2019 — not reached · basis not recorded (42usc1981: author: Astra2 · not independently reviewed) · applied/merits · not counted Hu v. City of New York — 927 F.3d 81 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2019 — not reached · basis not recorded (42usc1981: author: Astra2 · QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/wave2-cases-QA2-crosscheck.md)) · applied/merits · not counted |
How courts decided this element
| Case | Element | Holding and scope | Pattern | Exact source quotations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haynes v. Waste Connections, Inc. — 922 F.3d 219 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit · 2019 — not reached (42usc1981: author: Astra2 · not independently reviewed) | Judicial but-for causation of contractual injury | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / meritsNo current Comcast but-for ruling is inferred. The 2019 opinion’s final mixed-motive discussion concerns Title VII’s motivating-factor route and cannot supply the modern §1981 standard. | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| Hu v. City of New York — 927 F.3d 81 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2019 — not reached (42usc1981: author: Astra2 · QA: PASS (QA2, neov2/qa/wave2-cases-QA2-crosscheck.md)) | Judicial but-for causation of contractual injury | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / meritsThis 2019 pleading decision predates Comcast; it is not an ultimate but-for holding. | Unspecified route | No source quotation recorded for this block. |