AND · 42usc1981:protected-person
The text protects all persons within U.S. jurisdiction and equal rights enjoyed by white citizens; it is not limited to minority plaintiffs or employees of Title VII-sized employers. Race-based ancestry/ethnicity discrimination may qualify; sex, age or religion alone is not a §1981 contract claim. Citizenship/alienage applications and specific noncontract clauses require separate analysis.
Exact element source
All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other.Source:
docroot/ir/usc/title42.jsonl#title42_sec1981; Unicode character offsets [64:499] (end exclusive); SHA-256 5e5aa212ab2f30dd84c80b0b228057e2c583768ee608c391e0ac73d92e609577.Routes and case patterns
| Route | Definition | Merits instance blocks | Distinct merits cases | Examples (up to 3 cases per count group) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| race provisional; 7 observed cases | Protected status based on race, ancestry or ethnic characteristics. | 7 Satisfied 7; not satisfied 0; excluded context 0 | 7 | Sosa v. N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ. & Marcy Berger — 368 F. Supp. 3d 489 (2019) · United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York · 2019 — satisfied · pleaded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) · applied/merits · counted Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019 — satisfied · conceded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) · applied/merits · counted Benzinger v. Nysarc, Inc. — 385 F. Supp. 3d 224 (2019) · United States District Court for the Southern District of New York · 2019 — satisfied · pleaded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) · applied/merits · counted |
| territorial-reach provisional; provisional (1 case) | Whether the plaintiff is a person within the jurisdiction of the United States for the conduct alleged. | 1 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 1; excluded context 0 | 1 | Wang v. Gen. Motors, LLC — 371 F. Supp. 3d 407 (2019) · United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan · 2019 — not · law (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) · applied/merits · counted |
How courts decided this element
| Case | Element | Holding and scope | Pattern | Exact source quotations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sosa v. N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ. & Marcy Berger — 368 F. Supp. 3d 489 (2019) · United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York · 2019 — satisfied · pleaded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Persons protected by equal contractual rights | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: pleaded; opinion: order (Bulsara, M.J. (report and recommendation, adopted in its entirety by the order)); subject: opinion=order (Bulsara, M.J. (report and recommendation, adopted in its entirety by the order)) | african-american-teacher-of-west-indian-origin | Sosa identifies as an African American woman of West Indian origin, with darker-hued skin color.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_368.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/368/0489-01; Unicode character offsets [19449:19545] (end exclusive); SHA-256 a0a3a1f4d2d4b07c6b8cd3ebf69de3ca10eb819f9c80c558c27375c0b189b780. |
| Wang v. Gen. Motors, LLC — 371 F. Supp. 3d 407 (2019) · United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan · 2019 — not · law (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Persons protected by equal contractual rights | not Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: law | us-citizen-working-in-china-for-affiliate-of-us-employer | The Second Circuit held: " Section 1981's territorial limitation is defined by the location of the subject of the discrimination, not by the location of the decisionmaker."Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_371.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/371/0407-01; Unicode character offsets [20784:20956] (end exclusive); SHA-256 44719372de0b1641b6668dbf7d0281dfbd460fd3701d1f76f33e6b2df949adf1.On or about July 1, 2009, GM transferred Plaintiff to a new job assignment at GMCIC as Senior Manager for Automotive Performance, Test and Validation in the Engineering Laboratories Department.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_371.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/371/0407-01; Unicode character offsets [4611:4804] (end exclusive); SHA-256 44719372de0b1641b6668dbf7d0281dfbd460fd3701d1f76f33e6b2df949adf1.He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1999, and currently maintains only U.S. citizenship.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_371.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/371/0407-01; Unicode character offsets [4409:4510] (end exclusive); SHA-256 44719372de0b1641b6668dbf7d0281dfbd460fd3701d1f76f33e6b2df949adf1.In his Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that he requested to "be transferred back to the United States if he was not allowed to continue to work in China" and "made several other contacts with GM in an effort to obtain a position back in the United States, but he was denied a transfer."Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_371.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/371/0407-01; Unicode character offsets [16257:16540] (end exclusive); SHA-256 44719372de0b1641b6668dbf7d0281dfbd460fd3701d1f76f33e6b2df949adf1.The only discriminatory conduct Plaintiff has alleged in his Complaint and briefs (see Pl.'s Resp. Br. at 6, ECF No. 14 at Pg ID 137) occurred while he was outside the jurisdiction of the United States.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_371.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/371/0407-01; Unicode character offsets [21968:22170] (end exclusive); SHA-256 44719372de0b1641b6668dbf7d0281dfbd460fd3701d1f76f33e6b2df949adf1.The Court concludes that § 1981 does not extend to such conduct and is therefore granting GM's motion to dismiss Plaintiff's § 1981 claim (Count III).Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_371.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/371/0407-01; Unicode character offsets [22171:22321] (end exclusive); SHA-256 44719372de0b1641b6668dbf7d0281dfbd460fd3701d1f76f33e6b2df949adf1. |
| Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019 — satisfied · conceded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Persons protected by equal contractual rights | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: conceded | african-american | Margo Mills, an African American female, has worked at Verizon in retail sales since November 2012 and continues to work for Verizon.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [1608:1741] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e. |
| Benzinger v. Nysarc, Inc. — 385 F. Supp. 3d 224 (2019) · United States District Court for the Southern District of New York · 2019 — satisfied · pleaded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Persons protected by equal contractual rights | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: pleaded | asian-american | Plaintiff is an Asian-American man who resides in Queens, New York.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_385.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/385/0224-01; Unicode character offsets [1128:1195] (end exclusive); SHA-256 f29c44f2016756282164a32fb21b2c74eb5c6b0c427966477adcbf86cf6b918b. |
| Haynes v. Dist. of Columbia Water — 924 F.3d 519 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit · 2019 — satisfied · conceded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Persons protected by equal contractual rights | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: conceded | black | Haynes, who is over fifty and black, alleges that younger, white electricians employed by D.C. Water received accommodations, including being given more time to obtain their licenses, not being subjected to the heightened license requirement, or being allowed to return to school for additional training.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_924.jsonl#/f3d/924/0519-01; Unicode character offsets [3045:3349] (end exclusive); SHA-256 1eafc1ea7f5f2854b304c350ea70259bad6c7b872132f8381f6e86010b82e92d. |
| Freeman v. Metro. Water Reclamation Dist. of Greater Chi. — 927 F.3d 961 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit · 2019 — satisfied · pleaded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Persons protected by equal contractual rights | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: pleaded | african-american | He alleges that the District fired him "due to his race" (African-American) and "disability" (alcoholism).Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_927.jsonl#/f3d/927/0961-01; Unicode character offsets [3769:3875] (end exclusive); SHA-256 b8b5a3388cf320254eba34947ffe968fff6293d517feb963080c1db21c85f439. |
| Fields v. Bd. of Educ. of Chi. & Chad P. Weiden — 928 F.3d 622 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit · 2019 — satisfied · conceded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Persons protected by equal contractual rights | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: conceded | african-american | Gloria Fields, a 63-year-old African-American woman, retired in 2016 from her job as a teacher with Chicago Public Schools.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_928.jsonl#/f3d/928/0622-01; Unicode character offsets [12:135] (end exclusive); SHA-256 7ec7a61801e1d993e5372359ff01b2cc26028b4beb3d7228164155fae15c66c7. |
| Beasley v. Warren Unilube, Inc. — 933 F.3d 932 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit · 2019 — satisfied · conceded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Persons protected by equal contractual rights | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: conceded | african-american | He plainly meets the first and third requirements: he is a member of a protected group and was fired.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_933.jsonl#/f3d/933/0932-01; Unicode character offsets [9509:9610] (end exclusive); SHA-256 d1846e5db0885bf3d16f8d6cd950b6760f1243f8ce4d85d57186f67ae976e1e0. |