United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2019-03-26
42usc2000e-2: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)
Case and law context
Role: applied; posture: civil; Title VII sex and religious discrimination (with ADA and ADEA claims) by an unpaid hospital intern; Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal for lack of employee status affirmed (10th Cir.); result: claimant-lost; claim: (a), (d)
Uncertainty
Element employer: basis: the court says the relationship fails "as a matter of law", but it rules on the complaint's allegations taken as true at Rule 12(b)(6) and declines any categorical rule about interns; `pleaded` (allegations insufficient) is used rather than `law`.
Misfit
None recorded
B · Case × element grid
Top-level elements follow claim order in panels of up to six elements. Case rows repeat across panels. Every recorded block retains its holding and basis; multiple blocks are not merged into a case-level verdict. ✓ satisfied · ✗ not satisfied · ○ not reached · · not addressed. Muted blocks are not counted. Sub-element evidence remains on case and element pages.
Elements 1–6 of 33
| Case | Covered entity: employer, employment agency, or labor organization | Protected trait: race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy/abortion), or national origin | Adverse employment action affecting compensation, terms, conditions, privileges, or status | Discriminatory causation ("because of" protected trait) | adverse-action-a2 statutory route or exception | employment-agency-route statutory route or exception |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sacchi v. Ihc Health Servs., Inc. — 918 F.3d 1155 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2019 (42usc2000e-2: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed |
Elements 7–12 of 33
| Case | labor-organization-route statutory route or exception | training-program statutory route or exception | Impermissible motivating factor in mixed-motive cases (§ 2000e-2(m)) | Bona fide occupational qualification (§ 2000e-2(e)(1)) | Severe or pervasive hostile or abusive working environment | Particular employment practice causing a disparate impact on a protected group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sacchi v. Ihc Health Servs., Inc. — 918 F.3d 1155 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2019 (42usc2000e-2: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | · not addressed | ○ not reached · basis not recordedNot counted: applied/procedural | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed |
Elements 13–18 of 33
| Case | Bona fide seniority/merit system or professionally developed ability test (§ 2000e-2(h)) | Failure to reasonably accommodate religious observance or practice (§§ 2000e-2(a)(1), 2000e(j)) | Retaliation for protected Title VII activity (42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a)) | communist-organization statutory route or exception | Employer's legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason (McDonnell Douglas step 2) | indian-preference statutory route or exception |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sacchi v. Ihc Health Servs., Inc. — 918 F.3d 1155 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2019 (42usc2000e-2: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed |
Elements 19–24 of 33
| Case | Subsection (n) limits challenges to covered litigated or consent judgments or orders | judgment-order-scope statutory route or exception | k2-intentional-limit statutory route or exception | k3-controlled-substance statutory route or exception | labor-organization-causation statutory route or exception | national-security statutory route or exception |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sacchi v. Ihc Health Servs., Inc. — 918 F.3d 1155 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2019 (42usc2000e-2: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed |
Elements 25–30 of 33
| Case | no-preference-imbalance statutory route or exception | Pretext for discrimination (McDonnell Douglas step 3) | Qualified for the position / meeting legitimate employer expectations | religious-institution statutory route or exception | test-score-discrimination statutory route or exception | Rejected "bottom-line" racial or gender balance defense to a discriminatory pass/fail barrier (Connecticut v. Teal) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sacchi v. Ihc Health Servs., Inc. — 918 F.3d 1155 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2019 (42usc2000e-2: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed |
Elements 31–33 of 33
| Case | Strong-basis-in-evidence defense for race-conscious action taken to avoid disparate-impact liability (Ricci v. DeStefano) | Rejected defense that an adverse CBA arbitration precludes a Title VII action (Alexander v. Gardner-Denver) | Mixed-motive same-decision partial affirmative defense (42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)(2)(B)) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sacchi v. Ihc Health Servs., Inc. — 918 F.3d 1155 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2019 (42usc2000e-2: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | · not addressed | · not addressed | · not addressed |
Instances and excluded annotation blocks
| Case | Element | Holding and scope | Pattern | Exact source quotations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sacchi v. Ihc Health Servs., Inc. — 918 F.3d 1155 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2019 — not · pleaded (42usc2000e-2: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | Covered entity: employer, employment agency, or labor organization | not Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: pleaded; claim: (a), (d) Threshold-remuneration test: an unpaid worker must first show direct pay or substantial, non-incidental indirect benefits before the common-law agency test is reached. Benefits not provided by the hospital itself and contingent on later events (passing the exam, being hired) are too attenuated. | unpaid-intern-claiming-certification-eligibility-and-path-to-employment-as-remuneration | Relevant to this appeal, Ms. Sacchi received no direct payment or other benefits for her work as an intern.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_918.jsonl#/f3d/918/1155-01; Unicode character offsets [2748:2855] (end exclusive); SHA-256 07fc3d350d4e048520c297e487140d60fc390217113f71eb61fd2be9d3c62390.The Hospital's internship program is designed to satisfy the clinical experience requirement, and the program is accredited and recognized by the Child Life Council.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_918.jsonl#/f3d/918/1155-01; Unicode character offsets [3559:3724] (end exclusive); SHA-256 07fc3d350d4e048520c297e487140d60fc390217113f71eb61fd2be9d3c62390.Although an internship was required for Ms. Sacchi to sit for a professional exam, she still had to pass the exam to receive her child life certification.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_918.jsonl#/f3d/918/1155-01; Unicode character offsets [8667:8821] (end exclusive); SHA-256 07fc3d350d4e048520c297e487140d60fc390217113f71eb61fd2be9d3c62390.For her to have obtained a position thereafter, she still had to find an open position, apply for that position, and then be selected over all other applicants in what Ms. Sacchi noted is a competitive field.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_918.jsonl#/f3d/918/1155-01; Unicode character offsets [8843:9051] (end exclusive); SHA-256 07fc3d350d4e048520c297e487140d60fc390217113f71eb61fd2be9d3c62390.In general, to satisfy the test, the plaintiff must receive direct remuneration or indirect benefits that are substantial or significant and not incidentally related to advancing the purpose of the putative employer.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_918.jsonl#/f3d/918/1155-01; Unicode character offsets [7260:7476] (end exclusive); SHA-256 07fc3d350d4e048520c297e487140d60fc390217113f71eb61fd2be9d3c62390.We conclude that Ms. Sacchi's intern relationship with the Hospital fails to satisfy the threshold-remuneration test as a matter of law for two reasons.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_918.jsonl#/f3d/918/1155-01; Unicode character offsets [8146:8298] (end exclusive); SHA-256 07fc3d350d4e048520c297e487140d60fc390217113f71eb61fd2be9d3c62390.We also decline the invitation to conclude that all interns are protected by Title VII, the ADA, and the ADEA.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_918.jsonl#/f3d/918/1155-01; Unicode character offsets [10169:10279] (end exclusive); SHA-256 07fc3d350d4e048520c297e487140d60fc390217113f71eb61fd2be9d3c62390. |
| Sacchi v. Ihc Health Servs., Inc. — 918 F.3d 1155 (2019) · United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2019 — not reached (42usc2000e-2: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)) | training-program statutory route or exception | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / procedural claim: (a), (d) Footnote: the panel itself asked for supplemental briefing on whether 2000e-2(d) (training programs) covers this internship, then declined to reach the theory because it was never raised in the district court. | Unspecified route | We therefore agree with the Hospital that the principles motivating the application of plain error in similar circumstances counsel that we should not exercise our discretion to reach this issue.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_918.jsonl#/f3d/918/1155-01; Unicode character offsets [15288:15483] (end exclusive); SHA-256 07fc3d350d4e048520c297e487140d60fc390217113f71eb61fd2be9d3c62390. |