Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019

United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019-03-26

42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md)

Original case on neochart.com

Case and law context

42 U.S.C. § 1981

Role: applied; posture: civil; Title VII and Section 1981 race discrimination, hostile work environment and retaliation claims (analysed together) by a current retail employee; employer's motion for summary judgment denied on the discriminatory-scheduling claim and granted on every other claim (N.D. Ala.); result: mixed; claim:

Uncertainty

None recorded

Misfit

None recorded

B · Case × element grid

Top-level elements follow claim order in panels of up to six elements. Case rows repeat across panels. Every recorded block retains its holding and basis; multiple blocks are not merged into a case-level verdict. ✓ satisfied · ✗ not satisfied · ○ not reached · · not addressed. Muted blocks are not counted. Sub-element evidence remains on case and element pages.

Elements 1–6 of 15

42 U.S.C. § 1981
CasePersons protected by equal contractual rightsPlaintiff has rights in an existing or proposed contractFormation performance termination or contractual benefitsJudicial intentional-race-discrimination requirementJudicial but-for causation of contractual injuryNongovernmental impairment
Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019 (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md))· not addressed· not addressed

Elements 7–12 of 15

42 U.S.C. § 1981
CaseJudicial section 1983 remedial route for state-law impairmentOpposition to racial impairment of contract rightsJudicial defendant-knowledge requirement for retaliationJudicial material-adversity requirement for retaliationJudicial causation requirement for retaliatory injuryContract and retaliation scope with noncontract clauses identified
Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019 (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md))· not addressed· not addressed· not addressed· not addressed

Elements 13–15 of 15

42 U.S.C. § 1981
CaseJudicial hostile-environment threshold and attributionClaim-specific limitations and accrualCompensatory equitable punitive and fee remedies
Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019 (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md))· not addressed· not addressed

Instances and excluded annotation blocks

Annotation blocks, including explicitly excluded context
CaseElementHolding and scopePatternExact source quotations
Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019 — satisfied · triable (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md))Formation performance termination or contractual benefitssatisfied
Counted merits instance
applied / merits

basis: triable; count: race-discrimination claim that the Trussville manager scheduled plaintiff and other African American employees for a disproportionate share of weekend closing shifts; subject: count=race-discrimination claim that the Trussville manager scheduled plaintiff and other African American employees for a disproportionate share of weekend closing shifts

Scheduling claim only. The same section holds that coachings and unfulfilled threats of discipline were not adverse actions (@17693..18884) and treats denial of management training as an adverse action that Verizon did not dispute (@18885..19592); those theories have no block here.
disproportionate-weekend-closing-shifts-without-loss-of-pay
To qualify as adverse employment action, "the employer's action must impact the terms, conditions, or privileges of the plaintiff's job in a real and demonstrable way."
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [12425:12593] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: rule; polarity: not recorded; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

By contrast, Ms. Mills alleges that her manager consistently scheduled her for weekend closing shifts, exhibiting a pattern of discrimination against her and other African American employees.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [14549:14740] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: supports; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Verizon has not pointed to anything in the record conclusively contradicting Ms. Mills's allegations that her manager favored white employees with preferable schedules.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [13073:13241] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: supports; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Though Ms. Mills's allegedly unfavorable schedule did not reduce her compensation
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [15972:16053] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: cuts-against; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

So the court concludes that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Ms. Mills suffered adverse employment action by having to work more weekend closing shifts than her coworkers.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [16454:16646] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: held; polarity: not recorded; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019 — not · no-evidence (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md))Judicial hostile-environment threshold and attributionnot
Counted merits instance
applied / merits

basis: no-evidence

frequent-racial-remarks-by-manager-with-one-conversation-approving-of-the-klan-held-not-severe
"Conduct that is not severe or pervasive enough to create an objectively hostile or abusive work environment-an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive-is beyond Title VII's purview."
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [26965:27175] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: rule; polarity: not recorded; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 1 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Ms. Mills alleges her manager in Trussville, Kerry Gould, subjected her to daily racial remarks and negative treatment throughout 2014.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [28039:28174] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: supports; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

her coworkers at the relevant times echo the allegation that Mr. Gould frequently made racially offensive comments.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [31418:31533] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: supports; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

But Ms. Mills's testified that both of Mr. Gould's comments about the KKK occurred during a single conversation, very early in her time working under his management.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [32546:32711] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: cuts-against; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Ms. Mills also specifically testified that she did not feel physically threatened at the time Mr. Gould made these comments but rather "felt hurt [she] was working with a racist."
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [32994:33173] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: cuts-against; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

So the court concludes that a jury could not reasonably find that Mr. Gould's repeated racial statements, including approving references to the KKK, were severe and pervasive enough to create hostile work environment under Title VII.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [35292:35525] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: held; polarity: not recorded; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019 — satisfied · conceded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md))Plaintiff has rights in an existing or proposed contractsatisfied
Counted merits instance
applied / merits

basis: conceded

current-retail-sales-employee
Margo Mills has worked in retail sales for Defendant Verizon Wireless since November 2012.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [54:144] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: supports; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019 — satisfied · conceded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md))Opposition to racial impairment of contract rightssatisfied
Counted merits instance
applied / merits

basis: conceded

complaints-to-manager-and-formal-email-to-human-resources-about-racial-comments-and-scheduling
Ms. Mills made her first formal complaint to Verizon's Human Resources department on December 18, 2014, when she emailed her complaints about Mr. Gould's alleged racial comments and discriminatory treatment.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [41495:41702] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: supports; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Verizon does not dispute that Ms. Mills has engaged in activity protected under Title VII.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [36616:36706] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: held; polarity: not recorded; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019 — satisfied · conceded (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md))Persons protected by equal contractual rightssatisfied
Counted merits instance
applied / merits

basis: conceded

african-american
Margo Mills, an African American female, has worked at Verizon in retail sales since November 2012 and continues to work for Verizon.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [1608:1741] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: supports; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019 — satisfied · triable (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md))Judicial intentional-race-discrimination requirementsatisfied
Counted merits instance
applied / merits

basis: triable; count: race-discrimination claim that the Trussville manager scheduled plaintiff and other African American employees for a disproportionate share of weekend closing shifts; subject: count=race-discrimination claim that the Trussville manager scheduled plaintiff and other African American employees for a disproportionate share of weekend closing shifts

The court applied Title VII's motivating-factor language to the Section 1981 claim (pre-Comcast); but-for causation is not discussed. On the separate training-denial theory the court held there was no evidence of racial motive (@22349..23373); no block.
white-coworkers-of-same-rank-under-same-scheduling-manager-and-no-reason-proffered
As the Eleventh Circuit recently clarified, to be a valid comparator, an employee must be similarly situated "in all material respects" but need not be "nearly identical" to the plaintiff.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [20065:20253] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: rule; polarity: not recorded; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

The white and African American employees all had the same rank and position and were all under the jurisdiction of the same supervisor who determined the schedules.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [20549:20713] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: supports; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

while Ms. Mills does not allege that her manager made racial comments related to scheduling
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [21801:21892] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: cuts-against; absent flag: 1; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

But Verizon confusingly never proffers any reason for Ms. Mills to rebut.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [24569:24642] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: supports; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Verizon also points out that when Ms. Mills complained to her manager about the unfair schedules, he placed her in charge of scheduling for some period of time no shorter than a month.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [25067:25251] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: cuts-against; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

the court concludes that Ms. Mills has created an inference of discriminatory intent as to her unfair scheduling claim.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [22229:22348] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: held; polarity: not recorded; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Mills v. Cellco Partnership — 376 F. Supp. 3d 1228 (2019) · United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama · 2019 — not · no-evidence (42usc1981: author: Flash2 · QA: FIX (Fable, neov2/cases/TRIAGE-Flash.md))Judicial causation requirement for retaliatory injurynot
Counted merits instance
applied / merits

basis: no-evidence

The retaliation claim failed chiefly on causation (shifts, training, threats of discipline). The court also held the coachings and the miscoded-leave, shift-swap and scrutiny incidents not materially adverse (@44049..44424, @47451..48011) and accepted threats of discipline as potentially adverse (@45564..46196); retaliatory-adversity has no block.
no-comparison-with-non-complainers-no-increase-after-complaint-and-no-temporal-link
Ms. Mills alleges she complained to Mr. Gould several times throughout 2014 that he unfairly scheduled her and other black employees for a disproportionate number of undesirable weekend closing shifts.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [38849:39050] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: supports; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

While Ms. Mills indicated that African Americans, herself included, received more undesirable shifts than white employees, she never alleged or testified that she received more undesirable shifts than employees who had never complained about racial discrimination.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [39853:40117] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: cuts-against; absent flag: 1; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

In fact, Mr. Gould initially responded to her scheduling complaints by placing her in charge of scheduling for the store.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [40228:40349] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: cuts-against; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

The language of the coachings indicates that specific interactions with customers prompted the alleged threats of discipline, rather than Ms. Mills's engaging in protected activity.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [46683:46864] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: fact; polarity: cuts-against; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

But Ms. Mills's claim that she suffered this adverse employment action because she complained to Mr. Gould must fail; she presented no evidence, direct or circumstantial, showing a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action.
Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f_supp_3d_376.jsonl#/f-supp-3d/376/1228-01; Unicode character offsets [39588:39852] (end exclusive); SHA-256 aac4716beaea5795cd19fdca1752a6d6e1b07ba6871a7be5382f9cd4ba6fe57e.

Evidence kind: held; polarity: not recorded; absent flag: 0; quoted-rule flag: 0 (1 = tagged; 0 = not tagged)

Court interpretations recorded from this case