AND · 21usc841:substance
Includes controlled substance analogues treated as Schedule I under 21 U.S.C. § 813 when intended for human consumption (McFadden v. United States, 576 U.S. 186 (2015)).
Exact element source
a controlled substance; orSource:
docroot/ir/usc/title21.jsonl#title21_sec841; Unicode character offsets [256:282] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ebaba73bf6e21a591f44bf851f24a052a5687813c505030cd9483e17753e9420.a counterfeit substance.Source:
docroot/ir/usc/title21.jsonl#title21_sec841; Unicode character offsets [373:397] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ebaba73bf6e21a591f44bf851f24a052a5687813c505030cd9483e17753e9420.All variants
| Variant | Description | Merits instance blocks | Distinct cases | Example cases (up to 3 per group) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| identity/counterfeit-pills-containing-fentanyl | 0 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 0; excluded context 1 | 0 | No counted merits examples Excluded context examples: /f4th/142/259 — Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit · 2025 — background/merits | |
| identity/lab-test-plus-defendant-admission | 1 Satisfied 1; not satisfied 0; excluded context 0 | 1 | /f3d/235/0565-01 — United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2000 — satisfied | |
| schedule-i/marijuana | 0 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 0; excluded context 1 | 0 | No counted merits examples Excluded context examples: /us/569/0184-01 — Supreme Court of the United States · 2013 — comparator/merits | |
| Unspecified variant | No variant assigned in the database. | 0 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 0; excluded context 7 | 0 | No counted merits examples Excluded context examples: /f-supp-2d/427/0894-01 — United States District Court for the District of Minnesota · 2006 — background/merits; /f-supp-3d/225/0274-01 — United States District Court for the District of New Jersey · 2016 — applied/merits; /f2d/701/1349-01 — United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit · 1983 — applied/merits |
How courts decided this element
| Case | Element | Holding and scope | Variant | Exact source quotations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /f-supp-2d/427/0894-01 — United States District Court for the District of Minnesota · 2006 | Controlled substance (21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6), 812 Schedules I-V) or counterfeit substance (§ 841(a)(2)) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts background / merits claim: (a)(1),(b)(1)(A) | Unspecified variant | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| /f-supp-3d/225/0274-01 — United States District Court for the District of New Jersey · 2016 | Controlled substance (21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6), 812 Schedules I-V) or counterfeit substance (§ 841(a)(2)) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits claim: (a)(1),(b)(1)(A) | Unspecified variant | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| /f2d/701/1349-01 — United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit · 1983 | Controlled substance (21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6), 812 Schedules I-V) or counterfeit substance (§ 841(a)(2)) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits claim: (a)(1) Quaaludes (methaqualone) and hashish; identity undisputed. | Unspecified variant | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| /f2d/779/1098-01 — United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit · 1986 | Controlled substance (21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6), 812 Schedules I-V) or counterfeit substance (§ 841(a)(2)) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits claim: (a)(1) Cocaine, Schedule II; noted in a footnote, undisputed. | Unspecified variant | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| /f3d/235/0565-01 — United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit · 2000 | Controlled substance (21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6), 812 Schedules I-V) or counterfeit substance (§ 841(a)(2)) | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: conceded; claim: (a)(1),(b)(1)(A),(b)(1)(B) | identity/lab-test-plus-defendant-admission | The government offered expert testimony at trial indicating that the suspected substance had tested positive for cocaine base. In trial testimony, Mr. Hishaw admitted that the substance was crack cocaine.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f3d_235.jsonl#/f3d/235/0565-01; Unicode character offsets [4204:4408] (end exclusive); SHA-256 e39d6753bdf3d76861b3d1be40c57e6ef42ba592e6631a22b0ebfaf8386122f3. |
| /f3d/57/0516-01 — United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit · 1995 | Controlled substance (21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6), 812 Schedules I-V) or counterfeit substance (§ 841(a)(2)) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits claim: (a)(1) | Unspecified variant | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| /f4th/142/259 — Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit · 2025 | Controlled substance (21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6), 812 Schedules I-V) or counterfeit substance (§ 841(a)(2)) | satisfied Excluded from merits counts background / merits basis: conceded; claim: (a)(1),(b)(1)(C) Pills sold as oxycodone, charged as fentanyl under (b)(1)(C) (no quantity threshold); knowledge of the fentanyl content is not discussed. | identity/counterfeit-pills-containing-fentanyl | Twice, Suncar sold a confidential informant oxycodone pills, some of which contained a detectable amount of fentanyl.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_142.jsonl#/f4th/142/259; Unicode character offsets [2811:2928] (end exclusive); SHA-256 334f66557f769d0766ebfd4e174c7501ca28424a1c56e12881d1271af5081f1e. |
| /us/500/0453-01 — Supreme Court of the United States · 1991 | Controlled substance (21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6), 812 Schedules I-V) or counterfeit substance (§ 841(a)(2)) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits claim: (a),(b)(1)(B)(v) | Unspecified variant | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| /us/569/0184-01 — Supreme Court of the United States · 2013 | Controlled substance (21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6), 812 Schedules I-V) or counterfeit substance (§ 841(a)(2)) | satisfied Excluded from merits counts comparator / merits basis: conceded; claim: (a)(1),(b)(1)(D),(b)(4) | schedule-i/marijuana | (1) possession (2) of marijuana (a controlled substance), (3) with intent to distribute it.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/us_569.jsonl#/us/569/0184-01; Unicode character offsets [14158:14249] (end exclusive); SHA-256 83d74d149cfb2b77011039cc127c0214d4fc14fb10708357fa68e3629127e81b. |
| /us/571/0204-01 — Supreme Court of the United States · 2014 | Controlled substance (21 U.S.C. §§ 802(6), 812 Schedules I-V) or counterfeit substance (§ 841(a)(2)) | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / merits claim: (a)(1),(b)(1)(C) Heroin (Schedule I) undisputed. | Unspecified variant | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
Court interpretations
interpretation
(1) possession (2) of marijuana (a controlled substance), (3) with intent to distribute it.
/us/569/0184-01 — Supreme Court of the United States · 2013
(1) possession (2) of marijuana (a controlled substance), (3) with intent to distribute it.Source:
docroot/ir/caselaw/us_569.jsonl#/us/569/0184-01; Unicode character offsets [14158:14249] (end exclusive); SHA-256 83d74d149cfb2b77011039cc127c0214d4fc14fb10708357fa68e3629127e81b.Includes controlled substance analogues treated as Schedule I under 21 U.S.C. § 813 when intended for human consumption (McFadden v. United States, 576 U.S. 186 (2015)).
not-required
Defendant's knowledge of the *specific* drug type or weight in order to be convicted of the base § 841(a)(1) offense, so long as defendant knew he possessed/distributed *some* controlled substance ( though specific drug type/quantity governs § 841(b) statutory maximums under Apprendi)
No source quotation recorded.