AND · 42usc1981:but-for-causation
This judicial requirement is not verbatim statutory language. Comcast rejected a motivating-factor pleading rule and importing Title VII’s mixed-motive standard. But-for does not mean race must be the sole cause. The official opinion is an external annotation, not a fabricated local IR rule quote.
Exact element source
shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contractsSource:
docroot/ir/usc/title42.jsonl#title42_sec1981; Unicode character offsets [121:205] (end exclusive); SHA-256 5e5aa212ab2f30dd84c80b0b228057e2c583768ee608c391e0ac73d92e609577.All variants
| Variant | Description | Merits instance blocks | Distinct cases | Example cases (up to 3 per group) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unspecified variant | No variant assigned in the database. | 0 Satisfied 0; not satisfied 0; excluded context 2 | 0 | No counted merits examples Excluded context examples: /f3d/922/0219-01 — United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit · 2019 — applied/merits; /f3d/927/0081-01 — United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2019 — applied/merits |
How courts decided this element
| Case | Element | Holding and scope | Variant | Exact source quotations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /f3d/922/0219-01 — United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit · 2019 | Judicial but-for causation of contractual injury | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / meritsNo current Comcast but-for ruling is inferred. The 2019 opinion’s final mixed-motive discussion concerns Title VII’s motivating-factor route and cannot supply the modern §1981 standard. | Unspecified variant | No source quotation recorded for this block. |
| /f3d/927/0081-01 — United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2019 | Judicial but-for causation of contractual injury | not_reached Excluded from merits counts applied / meritsThis 2019 pleading decision predates Comcast; it is not an ultimate but-for holding. | Unspecified variant | No source quotation recorded for this block. |