AND · 42usc1981:catalogue-scope
The displayed title and formulas cover racial contractual impairment, including conditional hostile environment, and retaliation. Subsection (a) separately protects litigation/evidence participation, equal legal protection of persons/property, and equal punishment/exactions; those noncontract theories and alienage claims are not decomposed here. The own-contract requirement in these formulas is not a declaration that the quoted noncontract rights are absent from the statute.
Exact element source
to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other.Source:
docroot/ir/usc/title42.jsonl#title42_sec1981; Unicode character offsets [207:499] (end exclusive); SHA-256 5e5aa212ab2f30dd84c80b0b228057e2c583768ee608c391e0ac73d92e609577.All variants
No variants recorded in this snapshot.
How courts decided this element
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