OR · 42usc1983:deprivation.due-process-fair-trial
Violated when officers fabricate evidence forwarded to prosecutors, rig witness identifications, or suppress material exculpatory/impeachment evidence (Brady).
Exact element source
to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and lawsSource:
docroot/ir/usc/title42.jsonl#title42_sec1983; Unicode character offsets [306:402] (end exclusive); SHA-256 88fe01322b9d94860a669ec452f558146e2745845070bc43583671ce12acb2bb.All variants
| Variant | Description | Merits instance blocks | Distinct cases | Example cases (up to 3 per group) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| brady-suppression-by-police/suggestive-photo-array-procedures-withheld-from-prosecutor | 1 Satisfied 1; not satisfied 0; excluded context 0 | 1 | /f4th/141/417 — Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2025 — satisfied | |
| fabricated-evidence/coerced-false-witness-statement-forwarded-to-prosecutor | 1 Satisfied 1; not satisfied 0; excluded context 0 | 1 | /f4th/141/417 — Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2025 — satisfied | |
| suggestive-identification/lineup-disguising-mismatch-with-witness-description | 1 Satisfied 1; not satisfied 0; excluded context 0 | 1 | /f4th/141/417 — Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2025 — satisfied |
How courts decided this element
| Case | Element | Holding and scope | Variant | Exact source quotations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /f4th/141/417 — Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2025 | Fourteenth Amendment Due Process right to a fair trial (Brady / fabricated evidence / unduly suggestive identification) | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: triable; party: Detective Lipson; theory: suggestive photo arrays withheld from prosecutors (Brady); subject: party=Detective Lipson; theory=suggestive photo arrays withheld from prosecutors (Brady) Court "disapproves" the suggestive remarks (suspect in custody; other witness picked the right person; confirming the pick) but rests liability on the non-disclosure to prosecutors. | brady-suppression-by-police/suggestive-photo-array-procedures-withheld-from-prosecutor | Lipson (and a non-defendant officer) told Hernandez that 6 they “had the person who was the cause of the [Anyosa] incident” in 7 custodySource: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [7683:7819] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.Lipson told Anyosa that Hernandez 14 had already picked the “right person[’s]” photo.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [8197:8282] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.Anyosa initially failed to identify 16 Galloway, but ultimately selected Galloway’s photo in one of the 17 arrays. Lipson affirmed that Anyosa had selected the right person.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [8337:8510] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.Lipson never disclosed the particulars of his photo 5 identification procedures to the prosecutors, who in turn failed to 6 disclose them as Brady material.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [9728:9884] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.The suggestiveness of an identification 19 procedure is assessed holisticallySource: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [16807:16884] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.Most importantly, Lipson compounded the prejudice to 20 Galloway by withholding information about the photo array 21 procedures from the prosecutors.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [19035:19184] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f. |
| /f4th/141/417 — Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2025 | Fourteenth Amendment Due Process right to a fair trial (Brady / fabricated evidence / unduly suggestive identification) | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: triable; party: Detectives Ross and Dluginski; theory: suggestive lineup; subject: party=Detectives Ross and Dluginski; theory=suggestive lineup Novel "converse" suggestiveness: the procedure does not make the suspect stand out, it hides the features that would exclude him. Suggestiveness is relative to what the particular witness believes. | suggestive-identification/lineup-disguising-mismatch-with-witness-description | Anyosa had described his shooter as over 4 5’10”, with short hair.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [19993:20059] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.They sat Galloway on two phone books, 22 which made him appear taller, and covered Galloway and the fillers 23 with white sheets to mask the adjustment.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [8740:8892] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.Besides Galloway, 24 nobody else in the lineup had braids; yet Ross and Dluginski had 25 Galloway and the fillers wear hats.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [8893:9017] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.When Anyosa identified 26 Galloway at the lineup, detectives told Anyosa that he had done “a 27 good job” and “got the right person.”Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [9018:9151] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.a lineup that hides that the suspect is short is unduly 20 suggestive to a viewer known to believe that the perpetrator is tall.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [21020:21148] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.Next, a jury could find that Ross and Dluginski conducted an 3 unduly suggestive lineup.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [19904:19992] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f. |
| /f4th/141/417 — Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2025 | Fourteenth Amendment Due Process right to a fair trial (Brady / fabricated evidence / unduly suggestive identification) | satisfied Counted merits instance applied / merits basis: triable; party: Detectives DeCaro and Darienzo; theory: fabricated Ogletree statement; Brady non-disclosure of the coercion; subject: party=Detectives DeCaro and Darienzo; theory=fabricated Ogletree statement; Brady non-disclosure of the coercion Two routes on the same facts: fabrication (statement critically influenced the charging decision) and Brady (prosecutor misled about the coercion). The witness recanted at trial; violation attaches at the charging stage. | fabricated-evidence/coerced-false-witness-statement-forwarded-to-prosecutor | They kept Ogletree at the 28 precinct for hours, threatened him with criminal charges, and thus 29 coerced him into signing a statement they had fabricated: that 30 Galloway had confessed to shooting a cab driver, near where Anyosa 31 was shot.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [7168:7412] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.Ogletree’s statement was provided to prosecutors before 6 they charged Galloway with the shooting.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [24334:24432] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.DeCaro and Darienzo likewise 7 never informed prosecutors that they had coerced and fabricated 8 Ogletree’s signed statement, and the prosecutors in turn failed to 9 disclose these facts as Brady material.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [9885:10090] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.a police officer violates a plaintiff’s right to a fair 30 trial when he “creates false information likely to influence a jury’s 31 decision and forwards that information to prosecutors.”Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [23687:23874] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.A reasonable jury could 7 conclude that, as in Frost, this coerced statement “critically 8 influenced” the decision to prosecute Galloway.Source: docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [24433:24571] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f. |
Court interpretations
interpretation
a police officer violates a plaintiff’s right to a fair 30 trial when he “creates false information likely to influence a jury’s 31 decision and forwards that information to prosecutors.”
/f4th/141/417 — Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2025
a police officer violates a plaintiff’s right to a fair 30 trial when he “creates false information likely to influence a jury’s 31 decision and forwards that information to prosecutors.”Source:
docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [23687:23874] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.Violated when officers fabricate evidence forwarded to prosecutors, rig witness identifications, or suppress material exculpatory/impeachment evidence (Brady).
interpretation
The suggestiveness of an identification 19 procedure is assessed holistically
/f4th/141/417 — Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2025
The suggestiveness of an identification 19 procedure is assessed holisticallySource:
docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [16807:16884] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.Violated when officers fabricate evidence forwarded to prosecutors, rig witness identifications, or suppress material exculpatory/impeachment evidence (Brady).
interpretation
a lineup that hides that the suspect is short is unduly 20 suggestive to a viewer known to believe that the perpetrator is tall.
/f4th/141/417 — Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit · 2025
a lineup that hides that the suspect is short is unduly 20 suggestive to a viewer known to believe that the perpetrator is tall.Source:
docroot/ir/caselaw/f4th_141.jsonl#/f4th/141/417; Unicode character offsets [21020:21148] (end exclusive); SHA-256 ffd06c7c495fbf996a4a6d1e4a3336db8e40aa112435c30b895506a5be4e900f.Violated when officers fabricate evidence forwarded to prosecutors, rig witness identifications, or suppress material exculpatory/impeachment evidence (Brady).