Nongovernmental impairment

AND · 42usc1981:private-actor

Subsection (c) reaches private racial discrimination. A contractual discrimination action against a private defendant does not require state action; corporate attribution and personal participation remain necessary to identify a liable defendant.

Exact element source

The rights protected by this section are protected against impairment by nongovernmental discrimination and impairment under color of State law.
Source: docroot/ir/usc/title42.jsonl#title42_sec1981; Unicode character offsets [823:967] (end exclusive); SHA-256 5e5aa212ab2f30dd84c80b0b228057e2c583768ee608c391e0ac73d92e609577.

All variants

No variants recorded in this snapshot.

How courts decided this element

Annotation blocks, including explicitly excluded context
CaseElementHolding and scopeVariantExact source quotations

Court interpretations