AND · 42usc1981:protected-person
The text protects all persons within U.S. jurisdiction and equal rights enjoyed by white citizens; it is not limited to minority plaintiffs or employees of Title VII-sized employers. Race-based ancestry/ethnicity discrimination may qualify; sex, age or religion alone is not a §1981 contract claim. Citizenship/alienage applications and specific noncontract clauses require separate analysis.
Exact element source
All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other.Source:
docroot/ir/usc/title42.jsonl#title42_sec1981; Unicode character offsets [64:499] (end exclusive); SHA-256 5e5aa212ab2f30dd84c80b0b228057e2c583768ee608c391e0ac73d92e609577.All variants
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How courts decided this element
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