Source: cases/18usc924/VARIANTS.md
# 18usc924 -- variant catalogue (GENERATED by tools/casedsl.py variants; do not edit)
10 cases, 46 blocks, 150 verbatim quotes. **14 instances** (statute applied to the case's own facts, decided on the merits by this court); 7 applied-but-not-reached; 25 other rulings (comparator / rule-announced / background citations, or procedural / hypothetical / alternative / dissent / lower-court scope) listed separately at the end and NOT counted in the catalogue.
Citation role per case: applied 7, comparator 2, rule-announced 1.
Holding codes: S = satisfied, N = not-satisfied, - = not-reached. Pointer = `file.case` @first-quote-offset.
## Coverage
| element | cases | S | N | - | genera | variants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| accomplice | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| carry | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| during-relation | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| firearm | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| furtherance | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| penalty.discharge | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| possession | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| predicate.drug | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| predicate.violence | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| use | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 5 |
## element `accomplice`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 0 / - 1)
- `(not reached, no variant)`
- - `f2d-890-1363-us-v-ocampo.case` -- United States v. Ocampo (1989) -- party=Escobar (driver)
## element `carry`
- **vehicle/** -- 3 (S 3 / N 0 / - 0)
- `vehicle/conveyance` -- 3 (S 3 / N 0 / - 0)
- S [proved] `f2d-890-1363-us-v-ocampo.case` @5372 -- United States v. Ocampo (1989) -- party=Ocampo (passenger)
- S [law] `us-524-125-muscarello-v-us.case` @699 -- Muscarello v. United States (1998) -- party=Muscarello
- S [law] `us-524-125-muscarello-v-us.case` @1289 -- Muscarello v. United States (1998) -- party=Cleveland and Gray-Santana
## element `during-relation`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 0 / - 1)
- `(not reached, no variant)`
- - `us-516-137-bailey-v-us.case` -- Bailey v. United States (1995)
- **protection/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `protection/drugs-or-proceeds`
- S [proved] `f2d-890-1363-us-v-ocampo.case` @6708 -- United States v. Ocampo (1989) -- party=Ocampo (passenger)
## element `firearm`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 4 (S 0 / N 0 / - 4)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 4 (S 0 / N 0 / - 4)
- - `f2d-890-1363-us-v-ocampo.case` -- United States v. Ocampo (1989)
- - `f3d-116-1353-us-v-holland.case` -- United States v. Holland (1997)
- - `f3d-319-177-us-v-phipps.case` -- United States v. Phipps (2003)
- - `f3d-640-412-us-v-alverio-melendez.case` -- United States v. Alverio-Meléndez (2011)
## element `furtherance`
- **protection/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `protection/drugs-or-proceeds`
- S [proved] `f3d-640-412-us-v-alverio-melendez.case` @3313 -- United States v. Alverio-Meléndez (2011) -- party=Gómez (principal possessor)
## element `penalty.discharge`
- **discharge/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `discharge/accidental-during-robbery`
- S [law] `us-556-568-dean-v-us.case` @999 -- Dean v. United States (2009)
## element `possession`
- **proximity-plus-matching-ammunition/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `proximity-plus-matching-ammunition/gun-in-door-pocket-beside-passenger`
- S [proved] `f3d-640-412-us-v-alverio-melendez.case` @12124 -- United States v. Alverio-Meléndez (2011) -- party=Gómez (passenger)
## element `predicate.drug`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 0 / - 1)
- `(not reached, no variant)`
- - `us-516-137-bailey-v-us.case` -- Bailey v. United States (1995)
- **csa/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `csa/felony`
- S [proved] `f3d-640-412-us-v-alverio-melendez.case` @8471 -- United States v. Alverio-Meléndez (2011) -- party=Gómez (passenger, alleged owner of the drugs)
## element `predicate.violence`
- **asserted-without-analysis/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `asserted-without-analysis/kidnaping-and-carjacking`
- S [conceded] `f3d-319-177-us-v-phipps.case` @2694 -- United States v. Phipps (2003) -- party=Phipps and Gilley; count=kidnaping (18 U.S.C. 1201(a)(1)) and carjacking (18 U.S.C. 2119(2))
## element `use`
- **storage/** -- 2 (S 0 / N 2 / - 0)
- `storage/gun-in-bag-in-locked-car-trunk`
- N [no-evidence] `us-516-137-bailey-v-us.case` @958 -- Bailey v. United States (1995) -- party=Bailey
- `storage/unloaded-gun-locked-in-closet-trunk-with-drugs`
- N [no-evidence] `us-516-137-bailey-v-us.case` @2728 -- Bailey v. United States (1995) -- party=Robinson
- **accessibility-without-active-employment/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `accessibility-without-active-employment/gun-under-seat-of-drug-vehicle`
- N [no-evidence] `f3d-116-1353-us-v-holland.case` @1180 -- United States v. Holland (1997) -- party=Holland (driver and owner of the car)
- **active/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `active/weapon`
- S [conceded] `f3d-319-177-us-v-phipps.case` @624 -- United States v. Phipps (2003) -- party=Phipps and Gilley; count=the single use underlying counts 3 and 5
- **possession-as-facilitation/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `possession-as-facilitation/loaded-gun-within-reach-in-drug-vehicle`
- S [proved] `f2d-890-1363-us-v-ocampo.case` @6589 -- United States v. Ocampo (1989) -- party=Ocampo (passenger)
## Other rulings (not instances; excluded from the counts above)
| role | scope | block | holding | variant | case |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| applied | dissent | element carry | not-satisfied [law] | `vehicle/conveyance` | `us-524-125-muscarello-v-us.case` -- opinion=Ginsburg, J., dissenting (joined by Rehnquist, C.J., Scalia and Souter, JJ.) |
| applied | dissent | element penalty.discharge | not-satisfied [law] | `discharge/accidental-during-robbery` | `us-556-568-dean-v-us.case` -- opinion=Stevens, J., dissenting |
| applied | lower-court | element during-relation | satisfied [proved] | `weapon-compels-victim/gunpoint-abduction-and-vehicle-taking` | `f3d-319-177-us-v-phipps.case` -- party=Phipps and Gilley; count=counts 3 and 5 |
| applied | lower-court | element predicate.drug | satisfied [proved] | `csa/felony` | `f2d-890-1363-us-v-ocampo.case` -- party=Ocampo and Escobar |
| applied | lower-court | element predicate.drug | satisfied [proved] | `csa/felony` | `f3d-116-1353-us-v-holland.case` -- party=Holland |
| applied | lower-court | element use | not-reached | `active/weapon` | `us-556-568-dean-v-us.case` |
| applied | procedural | element carry | satisfied [proved] | `vehicle/conveyance` | `f3d-116-1353-us-v-holland.case` -- party=Holland (driver and owner of the car) |
| applied | procedural | element during-relation | satisfied [proved] | `jury-finding-common-to-both-prongs/gun-in-vehicle-with-drugs-cash-pagers` | `f3d-116-1353-us-v-holland.case` -- party=Holland (driver and owner of the car) |
| applied | procedural | element use | not-reached | `unit-of-prosecution/single-use-single-gun-two-predicates` | `f3d-319-177-us-v-phipps.case` -- party=Phipps and Gilley; count=the second 924(c)(1) count (count 3 or count 5, at the government's election); theory=unit of prosecution / multiplicity: single use of a single firearm during two predicate offenses; rule of lenity |
| comparator | dissent | element predicate.drug | satisfied [law] | `csa/state-felony-but-federal-misdemeanor-possession` | `us-549-47-lopez-v-gonzales.case` -- count=South Dakota conviction; opinion=Thomas, J., dissenting |
| comparator | merits | element predicate.drug | not-satisfied [law] | `csa/state-felony-but-federal-misdemeanor-possession` | `us-549-47-lopez-v-gonzales.case` -- count=South Dakota conviction, S.D. Codified Laws 22-42-5 / 22-3-3 (aiding and abetting possession of cocaine); theory=whether a state felony that the CSA punishes only as a misdemeanor is a "felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act" |
| comparator | merits | element predicate.violence | not-reached | `borrowed-definition/felon-in-possession-for-early-release-eligibility` | `f-supp-966-483-davis-v-beeler.case` -- theory=borrowed definition: BOP Program Statement 5162.02 uses the 924(c)(3) "crime of violence" definition to construe "nonviolent offense" in 18 U.S.C. 3621(e)(2)(B) |
| rule-announced | dissent | element accomplice | not-reached | | `us-572-65-rosemond-v-us.case` -- opinion=Alito, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part (joined by Thomas, J.) |
| rule-announced | merits | element accomplice | not-reached | `practical-certainty/driver-of-armed-drug-source` | `f3d-640-412-us-v-alverio-melendez.case` -- party=Alverio (driver) |
| rule-announced | merits | element accomplice | not-reached | `affirmative-act/participation-in-predicate-only` | `us-572-65-rosemond-v-us.case` -- theory=affirmative-act requirement: facilitating the predicate drug crime alone |
| rule-announced | merits | element accomplice | not-reached | `intent/advance-knowledge-of-confederate-gun` | `us-572-65-rosemond-v-us.case` -- theory=intent requirement: advance knowledge that a confederate would use or carry a gun |
| rule-announced | merits | element carry | not-reached | `on-person/conveyance` | `us-516-137-bailey-v-us.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element during-relation | not-reached | | `us-524-125-muscarello-v-us.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element during-relation | not-reached | | `us-556-568-dean-v-us.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element penalty.brandish | not-reached | | `us-556-568-dean-v-us.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element predicate.drug | not-reached | | `us-572-65-rosemond-v-us.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element use | not-reached | `active/weapon` | `us-516-137-bailey-v-us.case` -- theory=illustrative catalogue of what does count as active employment (dicta) |
| rule-announced | merits | element use | not-reached | | `us-572-65-rosemond-v-us.case` -- theory=principal liability: Rosemond himself fired the gun |
| rule-announced | procedural | element furtherance | not-reached | `instruction-error/use-carry-nexus-charged-on-possession-count` | `f3d-640-412-us-v-alverio-melendez.case` -- theory=unobjected jury instruction that charged "use or carry ... during and in relation to" instead of "possess ... in furtherance of"; plain-error review; also no "mere presence" instruction |
| rule-announced | procedural | element possession | not-reached | `instruction-error/use-or-carry-charged-instead-of-possession` | `f3d-640-412-us-v-alverio-melendez.case` -- theory=same instruction error: jury told to find "use or carry" rather than possession; plain-error review |
## Fact-line polarity
67 fact lines: cuts-against 21, supports 46; 5 of them flagged `absent` (the court notes what is NOT alleged or proved).