Source: cases/18usc1962/VARIANTS.md
# 18usc1962 -- variant catalogue (GENERATED by tools/casedsl.py variants; do not edit)
12 cases, 112 blocks, 248 verbatim quotes. **44 instances** (statute applied to the case's own facts, decided on the merits by this court); 33 applied-but-not-reached; 35 other rulings (comparator / rule-announced / background citations, or procedural / hypothetical / alternative / dissent / lower-court scope) listed separately at the end and NOT counted in the catalogue.
Citation role per case: applied 9, background 1, rule-announced 2.
Holding codes: S = satisfied, N = not-satisfied, - = not-reached. Pointer = `file.case` @first-quote-offset.
## Coverage
| element | cases | S | N | - | genera | variants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| enterprise | 9 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 9 |
| enterprise.continuing-unit | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| enterprise.distinct-from-pattern | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| commerce | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| association | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| conduct | 9 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| pattern | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
| pattern.continuity | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| pattern.relatedness | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| racketeering | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| racketeering.bankruptcy-fraud | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| racketeering.conspiracy | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| racketeering.mail-fraud | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| racketeering.stolen-property | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| investment | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| acquisition | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| conspiracy | 5 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| injury | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| causation | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| x-aiding-abetting | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| defense: x-parol-evidence-rule | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
## element `person`
_culpable "person" (§1961(3)), distinct from the enterprise under (c)_
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- - `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000)
- - `f3d-660-346-crest-construction-ii-v-doe.case` -- Crest Construction II, Inc. v. Doe (2011)
- - `f3d-80-1293-chang-v-chen.case` -- Chang v. Chen (1996)
- **distinct-from-enterprise/** -- 2 (S 2 / N 0 / - 0)
- `distinct-from-enterprise/corporation-vs-network-of-owned-and-independent-distributors`
- S [triable] `f-supp-2d-926-1143-negrete-v-allianz-life.case` @11962 -- Negrete v. Allianz Life Insurance Co. of North America (2013) -- party=Allianz (person) vs. "Senior Annuity Enterprise" (Allianz + 13 Allianz-owned marketing organizations + 6 independent ones)
- `distinct-from-enterprise/sole-shareholder-employee-vs-own-corporation`
- S [pleaded] `us-533-158-cedric-kushner-v-king.case` @1322 -- Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King (2001) -- party=Don King (person) vs. Don King Productions (enterprise)
## element `enterprise`
_an "enterprise" (§1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact_
- **association-in-fact/** -- 6 (S 1 / N 5 / - 0)
- `association-in-fact/conclusory-web-of-related-companies`
- N [pleaded] `f3d-660-346-crest-construction-ii-v-doe.case` @9089 -- Crest Construction II, Inc. v. Doe (2011)
- `association-in-fact/defendants-merely-named-as-enterprises`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-567-1146-seville-industrial-machinery-v-southmost-machinery.case` @8537 -- Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp. (1983) -- party=Southmost, Tri-State, Gellman and Alfieri (two corporations and two officers), individually or collectively
- `association-in-fact/manufacturer-and-distribution-network`
- S [triable] `f-supp-2d-926-1143-negrete-v-allianz-life.case` @12184 -- Negrete v. Allianz Life Insurance Co. of North America (2013)
- `association-in-fact/no-existence-apart-from-fraud-scheme`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` @6795 -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000) -- party=alleged enterprise of the three borrowers (later adding the title-agent defendants); count=§ 1962(c) claim (Claim 119)
- `association-in-fact/no-structure-beyond-predicate-acts`
- N [pleaded] `f3d-80-1293-chang-v-chen.case` @4539 -- Chang v. Chen (1996) -- party=Lin and the two Gabryehs (sellers + sales agent); theory=association-in-fact structured only by the repeated land-fraud transactions
- `association-in-fact/passive-corporation-named-as-member`
- N [pleaded] `f3d-80-1293-chang-v-chen.case` @23320 -- Chang v. Chen (1996) -- theory=separate structure supplied by naming the non-party brokerage George Realty as a member
- **legal-entity/** -- 3 (S 3 / N 0 / - 0)
- `legal-entity/closely-held-corporation`
- S [pleaded] `us-533-158-cedric-kushner-v-king.case` @1348 -- Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King (2001)
- `legal-entity/cooperative`
- S [assumed] `us-507-170-reves-v-ernst-young.case` @815 -- Reves v. Ernst (1993)
- `legal-entity/corporation-before-business-operations-began`
- S [proved] `f2d-624-1118-united-states-v-weisman.case` @19060 -- United States v. Weisman (1980) -- party=Westchester Premier Theatre (the enterprise); count=the 1973 stock offering, before the Theatre was built or operating
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 0 / - 1)
- `(not reached, no variant)`
- - `f2d-976-1016-midwest-grinding-v-spitz.case` -- Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz (1992)
## element `enterprise.continuing-unit`
_an "enterprise" (§1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact_
- **continuing-unit/** -- 2 (S 1 / N 1 / - 0)
- `continuing-unit/no-common-purpose-or-roles-alleged`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-567-1146-seville-industrial-machinery-v-southmost-machinery.case` @16774 -- Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp. (1983)
- `continuing-unit/same-participants-repeated-transactions`
- S [pleaded] `f3d-80-1293-chang-v-chen.case` @2893 -- Chang v. Chen (1996)
## element `enterprise.distinct-from-pattern`
_an "enterprise" (§1961(4)): legal entity or association-in-fact_
- **distinct-from-pattern/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `distinct-from-pattern/enterprise-defined-only-by-predicate-acts`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-567-1146-seville-industrial-machinery-v-southmost-machinery.case` @18371 -- Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp. (1983)
## element `commerce`
_enterprise engaged in, or its activities affect, interstate or foreign commerce_
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- - `f-supp-567-1146-seville-industrial-machinery-v-southmost-machinery.case` -- Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp. (1983)
- - `f2d-624-1118-united-states-v-weisman.case` -- United States v. Weisman (1980)
- - `f3d-660-346-crest-construction-ii-v-doe.case` -- Crest Construction II, Inc. v. Doe (2011)
## element `association`
_defendant "employed by or associated with" the enterprise (c)_
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- - `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000)
- - `f2d-624-1118-united-states-v-weisman.case` -- United States v. Weisman (1980)
- - `us-507-170-reves-v-ernst-young.case` -- Reves v. Ernst (1993)
## element `conduct`
_"conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise's affairs" (c) -- operation/management_
- **operation-or-management/** -- 6 (S 2 / N 4 / - 0)
- `operation-or-management/leader-directing-distribution-network`
- S [triable] `f-supp-2d-926-1143-negrete-v-allianz-life.case` @35719 -- Negrete v. Allianz Life Insurance Co. of North America (2013)
- `operation-or-management/outside-auditor`
- N [no-evidence] `us-507-170-reves-v-ernst-young.case` @3759 -- Reves v. Ernst (1993) -- party=Arthur Young (outside accounting firm, later Ernst & Young), as to the Co-Op
- `operation-or-management/outside-service-providers`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` @34115 -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000) -- party=title agent (Artesian defendants), title insurer (Old Republic), attorney (DeEsso)
- `operation-or-management/peripheral-relatives-notary-and-later-purchaser`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` @33056 -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000) -- party=Betty Grahn and Denise Grahn (relatives of a borrower)
- `operation-or-management/principals-of-scheme`
- S [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` @29389 -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000) -- party=Michael Sichenzia, Lisa Sichenzia, Patrick Cottrell (the borrowers)
- `operation-or-management/shell-entities-of-principals`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` @4095 -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000) -- party=the corporate/LLC defendants owned by the borrowers
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 5 (S 0 / N 0 / - 5)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 5 (S 0 / N 0 / - 5)
- - `f-supp-567-1146-seville-industrial-machinery-v-southmost-machinery.case` -- Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp. (1983)
- - `f2d-976-1016-midwest-grinding-v-spitz.case` -- Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz (1992)
- - `f3d-660-346-crest-construction-ii-v-doe.case` -- Crest Construction II, Inc. v. Doe (2011)
- - `f3d-80-1293-chang-v-chen.case` -- Chang v. Chen (1996)
- - `us-533-158-cedric-kushner-v-king.case` -- Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King (2001)
- **through-pattern/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `through-pattern/fraudulent-financing-of-own-company`
- S [proved] `f2d-624-1118-united-states-v-weisman.case` @1998 -- United States v. Weisman (1980) -- party=Weisman
## element `pattern`
_"pattern of racketeering activity" (§1961(5)): >=2 acts; sub: pattern.relatedness, pattern.continuity_
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 5 (S 0 / N 0 / - 5)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 5 (S 0 / N 0 / - 5)
- - `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000)
- - `f-supp-2d-926-1143-negrete-v-allianz-life.case` -- Negrete v. Allianz Life Insurance Co. of North America (2013)
- - `f3d-80-1293-chang-v-chen.case` -- Chang v. Chen (1996)
- - `us-507-170-reves-v-ernst-young.case` -- Reves v. Ernst (1993)
- - `us-533-158-cedric-kushner-v-king.case` -- Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King (2001)
- **predicate-acts/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `predicate-acts/predicates-insufficiently-pleaded`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-567-1146-seville-industrial-machinery-v-southmost-machinery.case` @26020 -- Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp. (1983)
## element `pattern.continuity`
_"pattern of racketeering activity" (§1961(5)): >=2 acts; sub: pattern.relatedness, pattern.continuity_
- **continuity/** -- 3 (S 0 / N 3 / - 0)
- `continuity/closed-ended-too-short`
- N [no-evidence] `f2d-976-1016-midwest-grinding-v-spitz.case` @2245 -- Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz (1992) -- count=the diversion scheme (customers and employees moved from Midwest to U.S. Grinding); theory=closed-ended continuity
- `continuity/cover-up-does-not-extend-scheme`
- N [no-evidence] `f2d-976-1016-midwest-grinding-v-spitz.case` @16657 -- Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz (1992) -- count=the litigation cover-up (false deposition testimony and mailed responses to requests to admit); theory=later concealment extends the duration of the scheme
- `continuity/open-ended-no-threat-scheme-ended-with-employment`
- N [no-evidence] `f2d-976-1016-midwest-grinding-v-spitz.case` @2905 -- Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz (1992) -- count=the diversion scheme; theory=open-ended continuity (threat of repetition after Spitz left Midwest)
## element `pattern.relatedness`
_"pattern of racketeering activity" (§1961(5)): >=2 acts; sub: pattern.relatedness, pattern.continuity_
- **relatedness/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `relatedness/single-scheme-against-one-victim`
- S [conceded] `f2d-976-1016-midwest-grinding-v-spitz.case` @19389 -- Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz (1992)
## element `racketeering`
_"racketeering activity" (§1961(1)) -- the predicate acts; sub by predicate, e.g. racketeering.mail-fraud_
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- - `f3d-80-1293-chang-v-chen.case` -- Chang v. Chen (1996)
- - `us-507-170-reves-v-ernst-young.case` -- Reves v. Ernst (1993)
- - `us-533-158-cedric-kushner-v-king.case` -- Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King (2001)
## element `racketeering.bankruptcy-fraud`
_"racketeering activity" (§1961(1)) -- the predicate acts; sub by predicate, e.g. racketeering.mail-fraud_
- **bankruptcy-fraud/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `bankruptcy-fraud/skimming-receipts-of-debtor-in-possession`
- S [proved] `f2d-624-1118-united-states-v-weisman.case` @3120 -- United States v. Weisman (1980) -- party=Weisman
## element `racketeering.conspiracy`
_"racketeering activity" (§1961(1)) -- the predicate acts; sub by predicate, e.g. racketeering.mail-fraud_
- **conspiracy-as-predicate/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `conspiracy-as-predicate/any-offense-involving-1961-1-d`
- S [law] `f2d-624-1118-united-states-v-weisman.case` @486 -- United States v. Weisman (1980) -- party=Weisman; count=§ 371 conspiracies to commit securities fraud and bankruptcy fraud
## element `racketeering.mail-fraud`
_"racketeering activity" (§1961(1)) -- the predicate acts; sub by predicate, e.g. racketeering.mail-fraud_
- **rule-9b-particularity/** -- 2 (S 0 / N 2 / - 0)
- `rule-9b-particularity/no-who-what-when-where-how` -- 2 (S 0 / N 2 / - 0)
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-567-1146-seville-industrial-machinery-v-southmost-machinery.case` @2223 -- Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp. (1983) -- count=mail fraud and wire fraud (treated together)
- N [pleaded] `f2d-976-1016-midwest-grinding-v-spitz.case` @4095 -- Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz (1992) -- count=the undercharging scheme (invoices to Cardinal Metals, 1985-86)
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 0 / - 1)
- `(not reached, no variant)`
- - `f-supp-2d-926-1143-negrete-v-allianz-life.case` -- Negrete v. Allianz Life Insurance Co. of North America (2013)
- **scheme-to-defraud/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `scheme-to-defraud/breach-of-contract-dressed-as-fraud`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` @36249 -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000) -- party=the borrower (Sichenzia) defendants; count=mail and wire fraud predicates
- **use-of-mails/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `use-of-mails/mailing-not-incident-to-essential-part-of-scheme`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` @39079 -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000) -- party=the title-agent (Artesian) defendants
## element `racketeering.stolen-property`
_"racketeering activity" (§1961(1)) -- the predicate acts; sub by predicate, e.g. racketeering.mail-fraud_
- **interstate-transport-of-fraud-proceeds/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `interstate-transport-of-fraud-proceeds/value-and-knowledge-not-alleged`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-567-1146-seville-industrial-machinery-v-southmost-machinery.case` @26610 -- Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp. (1983)
## element `investment`
_(a) use or investment of racketeering income in an enterprise_
- **investment-injury/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `investment-injury/no-allegation-of-any-investment`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` @17367 -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000) -- count=§ 1962(a) claim
## element `acquisition`
_(b) acquire or maintain interest in / control of an enterprise through a pattern_
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 0 / - 1)
- `(not reached, no variant)`
- - `f-supp-567-1146-seville-industrial-machinery-v-southmost-machinery.case` -- Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp. (1983)
## element `conspiracy`
_(d) conspiracy to violate (a), (b) or (c)_
- **derivative-of-substantive-claim/** -- 3 (S 0 / N 3 / - 0)
- `derivative-of-substantive-claim/no-enterprise-alleged`
- N [pleaded] `f3d-80-1293-chang-v-chen.case` @25246 -- Chang v. Chen (1996)
- `derivative-of-substantive-claim/no-pattern`
- N [no-evidence] `f2d-976-1016-midwest-grinding-v-spitz.case` @32241 -- Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz (1992)
- `derivative-of-substantive-claim/substantive-counts-deficient`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` @44002 -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000) -- count=§ 1962(d) claim (Claim 120); theory=derivative of the dismissed (a) and (c) claims
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 0 / - 1)
- `(not reached, no variant)`
- - `f-supp-2d-926-1143-negrete-v-allianz-life.case` -- Negrete v. Allianz Life Insurance Co. of North America (2013)
- **agreement/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `agreement/only-to-commit-predicates-not-to-further-enterprise`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-567-1146-seville-industrial-machinery-v-southmost-machinery.case` @24628 -- Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp. (1983)
## element `injury`
_civil §1964(c): injury to "business or property"_
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 4 (S 0 / N 0 / - 4)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 4 (S 0 / N 0 / - 4)
- - `f-supp-2d-926-1143-negrete-v-allianz-life.case` -- Negrete v. Allianz Life Insurance Co. of North America (2013)
- - `f2d-976-1016-midwest-grinding-v-spitz.case` -- Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz (1992)
- - `f3d-660-346-crest-construction-ii-v-doe.case` -- Crest Construction II, Inc. v. Doe (2011)
- - `us-507-170-reves-v-ernst-young.case` -- Reves v. Ernst (1993)
- **direct-injury/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `direct-injury/no-separate-racketeering-injury-required`
- S [pleaded] `f-supp-567-1146-seville-industrial-machinery-v-southmost-machinery.case` @30293 -- Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery Corp. (1983)
- **not-ripe/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `not-ripe/secured-lender-has-not-exhausted-collateral-remedies`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` @10627 -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000)
## element `causation`
_civil §1964(c): "by reason of" the violation (proximate cause, reliance)_
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- - `f2d-976-1016-midwest-grinding-v-spitz.case` -- Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz (1992)
- - `f3d-660-346-crest-construction-ii-v-doe.case` -- Crest Construction II, Inc. v. Doe (2011)
- - `us-507-170-reves-v-ernst-young.case` -- Reves v. Ernst (1993)
- **investment-injury-rule/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `investment-injury-rule/injury-flows-from-predicate-acts-not-investment`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` @17649 -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000) -- count=§ 1962(a) claim
- **proximate-cause/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `proximate-cause/purchasers-via-intermediaries-outside-the-enterprise`
- S [triable] `f-supp-2d-926-1143-negrete-v-allianz-life.case` @33147 -- Negrete v. Allianz Life Insurance Co. of North America (2013) -- party=class members who bought annuities through marketing organizations that are not members of the alleged enterprise
## element `x-aiding-abetting`
- **secondary-liability/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `secondary-liability/no-private-action-for-aiding-and-abetting-rico`
- N [law] `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` @41566 -- Goldfine v. Sichenzia (2000) -- party=relatives, shell entities, title insurer, attorney, and part of the claims against the title agent; theory=aiding and abetting a RICO violation / 18 U.S.C. § 2
## defense `x-parol-evidence-rule`
- **state-evidence-rule/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `state-evidence-rule/does-not-bar-fraud-based-rico-claim`
- N [law] `f-supp-2d-926-1143-negrete-v-allianz-life.case` @41428 -- Negrete v. Allianz Life Insurance Co. of North America (2013)
## Other rulings (not instances; excluded from the counts above)
| role | scope | block | holding | variant | case |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| applied | alternative | element conspiracy | not-satisfied [pleaded] | `agreement/conclusory-no-facts-of-knowing-agreement` | `f-supp-2d-118-392-goldfine-v-sichenzia.case` -- count=§ 1962(d) claim (Claim 120); theory=each defendant's own agreement to commit two predicate acts |
| applied | alternative | element pattern | not-satisfied [pleaded] | `two-acts-per-defendant/boilerplate-group-pleading` | `f3d-660-346-crest-construction-ii-v-doe.case` -- theory=two specific predicate acts per defendant |
| applied | alternative | element pattern.continuity | not-satisfied [pleaded] | `continuity/closed-ended-too-short` | `f3d-660-346-crest-construction-ii-v-doe.case` -- theory=closed-ended continuity |
| applied | alternative | element pattern.continuity | not-satisfied [pleaded] | `continuity/open-ended-conclusory-threat` | `f3d-660-346-crest-construction-ii-v-doe.case` -- theory=open-ended continuity |
| applied | alternative | element pattern.relatedness | satisfied [proved] | `relatedness/same-perpetrator-victims-goal-and-methods` | `f2d-624-1118-united-states-v-weisman.case` -- party=Weisman; theory=act-to-act relatedness, if it were required |
| applied | alternative | element racketeering.conspiracy | not-satisfied [assumed] | `conspiracy-as-predicate/harmless-if-excluded-substantive-predicates-suffice` | `f2d-624-1118-united-states-v-weisman.case` -- party=Weisman; count=§ 371 conspiracies to commit securities fraud and bankruptcy fraud |
| applied | alternative | element racketeering.mail-fraud | not-satisfied [pleaded] | `rule-9b-particularity/no-who-what-when-where-how` | `f3d-660-346-crest-construction-ii-v-doe.case` -- count=mail and wire fraud predicates |
| applied | lower-court | element racketeering.securities-fraud | satisfied [proved] | `securities-fraud/false-prospectus-and-secret-purchase-arrangements` | `f2d-624-1118-united-states-v-weisman.case` -- party=Weisman; count=1973 public offering (nine securities counts) |
| applied | procedural | element injury | satisfied [pleaded] | `business-injury/clinic-operations-disrupted-by-threats` | `us-510-249-now-v-scheidler.case` -- party=DWHO and SWHO (the clinics); NOW itself did not sue under RICO |
| applied | procedural | defense x-double-jeopardy | not-satisfied [pleaded] | `successive-rico-conspiracy/different-enterprise-parent-organization-vs-subunit` | `f3d-490-575-united-states-v-calabrese.case` -- party=Marcello (1993 conviction, Carlisi Street Crew) and Calabrese (1997 guilty plea, Calabrese Street Crew); count=2005 RICO-conspiracy indictment naming the Chicago Outfit as the enterprise |
| applied | procedural | defense x-release-prior-class-settlement | satisfied [law] | `release/class-member-did-not-opt-out-separate-suit-predates-settlement` | `f-supp-2d-926-1143-negrete-v-allianz-life.case` -- party=named plaintiff Ow and all class members within the Iorio class settlement; count=Ow's MasterDex 10 purchase and the other transactions released in Iorio |
| background | merits | element conduct | not-reached | | `f3d-490-575-united-states-v-calabrese.case` |
| background | merits | element conspiracy | not-reached | | `f3d-490-575-united-states-v-calabrese.case` |
| background | merits | element pattern | not-reached | | `f3d-490-575-united-states-v-calabrese.case` |
| background | merits | element pattern | not-reached | | `us-510-249-now-v-scheidler.case` |
| background | merits | element racketeering | not-reached | | `f3d-490-575-united-states-v-calabrese.case` |
| background | merits | defense x-statute-of-limitations | not-reached | | `f3d-490-575-united-states-v-calabrese.case` |
| background | procedural | element enterprise | not-reached | `association-in-fact/organized-crime-parent-distinct-from-its-street-crews` | `f3d-490-575-united-states-v-calabrese.case` -- party=the Chicago Outfit (enterprise charged in 2005) vs. the Carlisi and Calabrese street crews (enterprises in the earlier prosecutions); theory=identity of the enterprise across prosecutions (parent organization vs. component crews) |
| rule-announced | merits | element association | not-reached | `employed-by/officer-and-owner` | `us-533-158-cedric-kushner-v-king.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element association | not-reached | | `us-556-938-boyle-v-united-states.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element commerce | not-reached | `affects-commerce/detrimental-effect-without-profit-motive` | `us-510-249-now-v-scheidler.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element conduct | not-reached | | `us-510-249-now-v-scheidler.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element conduct | not-reached | | `us-556-938-boyle-v-united-states.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element conspiracy | not-reached | | `us-510-249-now-v-scheidler.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element conspiracy | not-reached | | `us-556-938-boyle-v-united-states.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element enterprise | not-reached | `association-in-fact/non-economic-advocacy-coalition` | `us-510-249-now-v-scheidler.case` -- party=Pro-Life Action Network (PLAN), a coalition of antiabortion groups |
| rule-announced | merits | element enterprise | not-reached | `association-in-fact/informal-crew` | `us-556-938-boyle-v-united-states.case` -- party=the bank-theft crew (core group plus occasional recruits) |
| rule-announced | merits | element enterprise.distinct-from-pattern | not-reached | `distinct-from-pattern/inferable-from-pattern-evidence` | `us-556-938-boyle-v-united-states.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element investment | not-reached | | `us-510-249-now-v-scheidler.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element pattern | not-reached | | `us-556-938-boyle-v-united-states.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element pattern.relatedness | not-reached | `relatedness/supplied-by-common-enterprise` | `f2d-624-1118-united-states-v-weisman.case` -- party=Weisman |
| rule-announced | merits | element person | not-reached | `distinct-from-enterprise/defendants-named-as-both-person-and-enterprise` | `f-supp-567-1146-seville-industrial-machinery-v-southmost-machinery.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element racketeering | not-reached | | `us-556-938-boyle-v-united-states.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element racketeering.extortion | not-reached | `hobbs-act-extortion/non-economic-motive` | `us-510-249-now-v-scheidler.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element racketeering.obstruction | not-reached | `perjury-as-predicate/only-via-mail-fraud-or-section-1503` | `f2d-976-1016-midwest-grinding-v-spitz.case` -- count=the litigation cover-up |
## Fact-line polarity
109 fact lines: cuts-against 40, supports 69; 18 of them flagged `absent` (the court notes what is NOT alleged or proved).