Source: cases/18usc1343/VARIANTS.md
# 18usc1343 -- variant catalogue (GENERATED by tools/casedsl.py variants; do not edit)
10 cases, 51 blocks, 136 verbatim quotes. **20 instances** (statute applied to the case's own facts, decided on the merits by this court); 18 applied-but-not-reached; 13 other rulings (comparator / rule-announced / background citations, or procedural / hypothetical / alternative / dissent / lower-court scope) listed separately at the end and NOT counted in the catalogue.
Citation role per case: applied 8, background 2.
Holding codes: S = satisfied, N = not-satisfied, - = not-reached. Pointer = `file.case` @first-quote-offset.
## Coverage
| element | cases | S | N | - | genera | variants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| furtherance | 5 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| honest-services-boundary | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| intent | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| interstate | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| materiality | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| property | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 |
| scheme | 7 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| wire | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
## element `furtherance`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 2 (S 0 / N 0 / - 2)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 2 (S 0 / N 0 / - 2)
- - `f3d-59-517-us-v-brumley.case` -- United States v. Brumley (1995)
- - `f3d-923-390-us-v-baker.case` -- United States v. Baker (2019)
- **payment-for-induced-sale/** -- 2 (S 2 / N 0 / - 0)
- `payment-for-induced-sale/genuine-item-bought-on-false-resale-story`
- S [proved] `f3d-333-1264-us-v-hasson.case` @15394 -- United States v. Hasson (2003) -- count=wire transfers of May 14 and July 11, 1996 ($577,500 for a necklace and pin)
- `payment-for-induced-sale/item-with-misstated-physical-characteristics`
- S [proved] `f3d-333-1264-us-v-hasson.case` @13897 -- United States v. Hasson (2003) -- count=wire transfer of March 6, 1995 ($300,000)
- **after-objective-obtained/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `after-objective-obtained/call-arranging-payoff-and-concealment`
- S [proved] `f-supp-957-39-us-v-sancho.case` @10590 -- United States v. Sancho (1997) -- count=Count Two (November 21, 1995 telephone call)
- **indictment-tracks-statute/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `indictment-tracks-statute/wire-specifics-not-examined`
- S [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-562-719-us-v-jefferson.case` @7725 -- United States v. Jefferson (2008) -- count=Counts 5-10
## element `honest-services-boundary`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 0 / - 1)
- `(not reached, no variant)`
- - `f3d-59-517-us-v-brumley.case` -- United States v. Brumley (1995)
- **fiduciary-duty/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `fiduciary-duty/believed-agent-of-victim-was-undercover-officer`
- S [proved] `f-supp-957-39-us-v-sancho.case` @834 -- United States v. Sancho (1997) -- theory=§ 1346 honest services of a person the defendant believed to be the victim's consultant; no actual fiduciary duty
- **public-official-bribery/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `public-official-bribery/legislator-paid-to-promote-private-ventures-with-agencies`
- S [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-562-719-us-v-jefferson.case` @1217 -- United States v. Jefferson (2008) -- count=Counts 5-10; theory=§ 1346 honest services of a public official: bribery
- **undisclosed-conflict-of-interest/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `undisclosed-conflict-of-interest/official-acts-beyond-own-decision-making-authority`
- S [pleaded] `f-supp-2d-562-719-us-v-jefferson.case` @9786 -- United States v. Jefferson (2008) -- count=Counts 5-10; theory=§ 1346 honest services of a public official: undisclosed conflict of interest
## element `intent`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 2 (S 0 / N 0 / - 2)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 2 (S 0 / N 0 / - 2)
- - `f3d-333-1264-us-v-hasson.case` -- United States v. Hasson (2003)
- - `us-605-114-kousisis-v-us.case` -- Kousisis v. United States (2025)
- **contemplated-harm/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `contemplated-harm/bribe-to-supposed-insider-concealed-from-victim`
- S [proved] `f-supp-957-39-us-v-sancho.case` @1063 -- United States v. Sancho (1997)
## element `interstate`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 5 (S 0 / N 0 / - 5)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 5 (S 0 / N 0 / - 5)
- - `f-supp-2d-562-719-us-v-jefferson.case` -- United States v. Jefferson (2008)
- - `f-supp-957-39-us-v-sancho.case` -- United States v. Sancho (1997)
- - `f3d-333-1264-us-v-hasson.case` -- United States v. Hasson (2003)
- - `f3d-59-517-us-v-brumley.case` -- United States v. Brumley (1995)
- - `f3d-923-390-us-v-baker.case` -- United States v. Baker (2019)
## element `materiality`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 0 / - 1)
- `(not reached, no variant)`
- - `f3d-923-390-us-v-baker.case` -- United States v. Baker (2019)
- **objective-characteristics/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `objective-characteristics/grade-weight-authenticity-and-provenance-of-goods-misstated`
- S [proved] `f3d-333-1264-us-v-hasson.case` @9207 -- United States v. Hasson (2003)
- **uncontested/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `uncontested/contract-condition-labelled-material-breach`
- S [conceded] `us-605-114-kousisis-v-us.case` @13706 -- Kousisis v. United States (2025)
## element `property`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 0 / - 1)
- `(not reached, no variant)`
- - `f3d-333-1264-us-v-hasson.case` -- United States v. Hasson (2003)
- **entitlement-to-money/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `entitlement-to-money/foreign-government-excise-tax-evaded-by-smuggling`
- S [proved] `us-544-349-pasquantino-v-us.case` @1527 -- Pasquantino v. United States (2005)
- **money-as-object/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `money-as-object/public-contract-payments-for-fully-performed-work`
- S [proved] `us-605-114-kousisis-v-us.case` @15400 -- Kousisis v. United States (2025) -- theory=fraudulent inducement: contract payments obtained although the victim received work of full economic value
- **regulatory-interest/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `regulatory-interest/government-veto-over-resale-of-goods-it-does-not-own`
- N [law] `f2d-844-36-us-v-evans.case` @6068 -- United States v. Evans (1988) -- theory=alienation theory: the United States' right to veto retransfer of U.S.-made or licensed arms as "property"
- **victim-property-interest/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `victim-property-interest/deceived-government-owns-neither-goods-nor-money`
- N [pleaded] `f2d-844-36-us-v-evans.case` @13722 -- United States v. Evans (1988) -- theory=the arms and the sales commissions as the money or property obtained
## element `scheme`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- - `f-supp-2d-562-719-us-v-jefferson.case` -- United States v. Jefferson (2008)
- - `f2d-844-36-us-v-evans.case` -- United States v. Evans (1988)
- - `f3d-59-517-us-v-brumley.case` -- United States v. Brumley (1995)
- **fraudulent-inducement/** -- 2 (S 2 / N 0 / - 0)
- `fraudulent-inducement/false-subcontractor-compliance-promise-to-win-public-contract`
- S [proved] `us-605-114-kousisis-v-us.case` @13848 -- Kousisis v. United States (2025)
- `fraudulent-inducement/misdescribed-goods-backed-by-sham-independent-verification`
- S [proved] `f3d-333-1264-us-v-hasson.case` @10221 -- United States v. Hasson (2003) -- theory=misrepresentations reasonably calculated to deceive a person of ordinary prudence (not mere market-value puffery)
- **concealment-as-misrepresentation/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `concealment-as-misrepresentation/undeclared-goods-smuggled-past-customs`
- S [proved] `us-544-349-pasquantino-v-us.case` @964 -- Pasquantino v. United States (2005)
- **inchoate-scheme/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `inchoate-scheme/factually-impossible-sting`
- S [proved] `f-supp-957-39-us-v-sancho.case` @9702 -- United States v. Sancho (1997) -- theory=scheme incapable of success (target of the bribe was a government agent)
## element `wire`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- - `f-supp-2d-562-719-us-v-jefferson.case` -- United States v. Jefferson (2008)
- - `f-supp-957-39-us-v-sancho.case` -- United States v. Sancho (1997)
- - `f3d-923-390-us-v-baker.case` -- United States v. Baker (2019)
- **foreseeable-causation/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `foreseeable-causation/victim-payment-wired-from-out-of-state-bank`
- S [proved] `f3d-333-1264-us-v-hasson.case` @11499 -- United States v. Hasson (2003) -- count=three substantive counts (wire transfers of March 6, 1995; May 14, 1996; July 11, 1996); theory="causes to be transmitted": foreseeability that the victim would pay by interstate wire
- **telephone-orders/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `telephone-orders/interstate-calls-to-buy-goods-for-smuggling`
- S [conceded] `us-544-349-pasquantino-v-us.case` @760 -- Pasquantino v. United States (2005)
## Other rulings (not instances; excluded from the counts above)
| role | scope | block | holding | variant | case |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| applied | dissent | element scheme | not-satisfied [law] | `concealment-as-misrepresentation/undeclared-goods-smuggled-past-customs` | `us-544-349-pasquantino-v-us.case` -- opinion=Ginsburg, J., dissenting (joined by Breyer; Scalia and Souter in part) |
| applied | lower-court | element property | satisfied [proved] | `deprivation-of-victim/investors-induced-to-buy-or-hold-stock-by-false-company-statements` | `f3d-923-390-us-v-baker.case` -- theory=district court's denial of the post-verdict motion for judgment of acquittal |
| applied | lower-court | element scheme | satisfied [conceded] | `investor-deception/channel-stuffing-to-inflate-reported-revenue` | `f3d-923-390-us-v-baker.case` |
| applied | superseded | element wire | not-satisfied [no-evidence] | `foreseeable-causation/intrastate-money-transfer-routed-through-out-of-state-computer` | `f3d-59-517-us-v-brumley.case` -- party=Brumley (recipient) and Cely (sender, unindicted co-conspirator); theory="causes to be transmitted": foreseeability that a third party's handling of the transfer would use interstate wires; opinion=panel opinion of 1995-07-18, withdrawn on panel rehearing (79 F.3d 1430, IR /f3d/79/1430-01) and the case then reheard en banc (116 F.3d 728, IR /f3d/116/0728-01; convictions affirmed) -- neither annotated here |
| background | merits | element furtherance | not-reached | | `f2d-829-286-new-england-data-services-v-becher.case` |
| background | merits | element intent | not-reached | `vicarious-liability/executive-directed-scheme-and-approved-cover-statements` | `f3d-923-390-us-v-baker.case` -- theory=Pinkerton co-conspirator liability for the substantive wire fraud counts (in place of deciding the Rosemond aiding-and-abetting instruction issue) |
| background | merits | element interstate | not-reached | | `f2d-829-286-new-england-data-services-v-becher.case` |
| background | procedural | element scheme | satisfied [pleaded] | `fraudulent-transfer/sham-stock-sale-and-security-interest-to-defeat-judgment-creditor` | `f2d-829-286-new-england-data-services-v-becher.case` |
| background | procedural | element scheme | not-reached | | `us-557-110-yeager-v-us.case` -- count=counts 3-6 (wire fraud; four Enron Broadband press releases in 2000) |
| background | procedural | element wire | not-satisfied [pleaded] | `rule-9b-particularity/use-of-wires-alleged-on-information-and-belief` | `f2d-829-286-new-england-data-services-v-becher.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element intent | not-reached | `reckless-indifference/instruction-approved-on-plain-error-review` | `f3d-923-390-us-v-baker.case` -- theory=jury instruction: a representation is false if made with reckless indifference to its truth |
| rule-announced | merits | element property | not-reached | `deprivation-of-victim/no-need-to-obtain-property-directly-from-victim` | `f3d-923-390-us-v-baker.case` -- theory=jury instruction: scheme "intended to deprive another of money or property, or bring about some financial gain to the person engaged in the scheme" |
| rule-announced | merits | element property | not-reached | `money-or-property-object/no-net-economic-loss-required` | `us-605-114-kousisis-v-us.case` -- theory=rejected requirement: net economic loss to the victim (or a purpose to cause it) |
## Fact-line polarity
72 fact lines: cuts-against 20, supports 52; 8 of them flagged `absent` (the court notes what is NOT alleged or proved).