Source: cases/18usc1341/VARIANTS.md
# 18usc1341 -- variant catalogue (GENERATED by tools/casedsl.py variants; do not edit)
10 cases, 63 blocks, 201 verbatim quotes. **24 instances** (statute applied to the case's own facts, decided on the merits by this court); 15 applied-but-not-reached; 24 other rulings (comparator / rule-announced / background citations, or procedural / hypothetical / alternative / dissent / lower-court scope) listed separately at the end and NOT counted in the catalogue.
Citation role per case: applied 6, background 2, comparator 1, rule-announced 1.
Holding codes: S = satisfied, N = not-satisfied, - = not-reached. Pointer = `file.case` @first-quote-offset.
## Coverage
| element | cases | S | N | - | genera | variants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| furtherance | 5 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 |
| honest-services-boundary | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| intent | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| mails | 5 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| materiality | 4 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| property | 5 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 7 |
| scheme | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
## element `furtherance`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- - `f-supp-725-446-us-v-granberry.case` -- United States v. Granberry (1989)
- - `f2d-386-132-lustiger-v-us.case` -- Lustiger v. United States (1967)
- - `f3d-628-927-us-v-boone.case` -- United States v. Boone (2010)
- **scheme-as-conceived/** -- 3 (S 1 / N 2 / - 0)
- `scheme-as-conceived/mailing-arising-from-separate-later-loan`
- N [no-evidence] `f3d-231-471-us-v-chung-lo.case` @25248 -- United States v. Chung Lo (2000) -- count=Count 6 (MacArthur property; deed securing a later loan from a private lender)
- `scheme-as-conceived/straw-purchaser-deed-back-by-prior-understanding`
- S [proved] `f3d-231-471-us-v-chung-lo.case` @22892 -- United States v. Chung Lo (2000) -- count=Count 7 (MacArthur property; straw purchaser's deed to the owner's wife, mailed about 18 months after closing)
- `scheme-as-conceived/straw-purchaser-deed-back-without-prior-plan`
- N [no-evidence] `f3d-231-471-us-v-chung-lo.case` @24082 -- United States v. Chung Lo (2000) -- count=Counts 10 and 11 (79th Avenue property; deed-back mailings)
- **integral-to-essential-transaction/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `integral-to-essential-transaction/title-application-mailed-by-innocent-dealer-to-complete-retail-sale`
- S [proved] `f2d-664-161-us-v-galloway.case` @1458 -- United States v. Galloway (1981) -- theory=mailing completes the retail sale that is the final step of the scheme; opinion=majority
- **lulling/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `lulling/routine-post-closing-deed-mailings-in-sham-sale`
- S [proved] `f3d-231-471-us-v-chung-lo.case` @15742 -- United States v. Chung Lo (2000) -- count=Counts 4, 5 and 9 (grant deed for the original sham sale; deeds of trust to the lenders)
- **ongoing-scheme/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `ongoing-scheme/successful-title-transfer-preserves-access-to-buyers`
- S [proved] `f2d-664-161-us-v-galloway.case` @9549 -- United States v. Galloway (1981) -- theory=mailing sustains an ongoing scheme by keeping dealers willing to buy again; opinion=majority
## element `honest-services-boundary`
- **bribery/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `bribery/payment-demanded-for-officials-letter-of-support`
- S [conceded] `f3d-628-927-us-v-boone.case` @1237 -- United States v. Boone (2010) -- count=Count IV; theory=post-Skilling: bribes demanded for an alderman's official support
## element `intent`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 2 (S 0 / N 0 / - 2)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 2 (S 0 / N 0 / - 2)
- - `f-supp-725-446-us-v-granberry.case` -- United States v. Granberry (1989)
- - `f3d-231-471-us-v-chung-lo.case` -- United States v. Chung Lo (2000)
- **inferred-from-pattern-of-deception/** -- 1 (S 1 / N 0 / - 0)
- `inferred-from-pattern-of-deception/refund-and-exchange-policy-offered-as-good-faith`
- S [proved] `f2d-386-132-lustiger-v-us.case` @4390 -- Lustiger v. United States (1967)
## element `mails`
- **postal-service/** -- 4 (S 3 / N 1 / - 0)
- `postal-service/county-recorder-mails-recorded-deeds-to-parties`
- S [conceded] `f3d-231-471-us-v-chung-lo.case` @3994 -- United States v. Chung Lo (2000) -- count=Counts 4-7 and 9-11 (MacArthur and 79th Avenue properties; deeds mailed by the County Recorder)
- `postal-service/custom-and-practice-proof-of-document-never-shown-to-exist`
- N [no-evidence] `f3d-231-471-us-v-chung-lo.case` @7877 -- United States v. Chung Lo (2000) -- count=Count 13 (Hugo property; Truth in Lending disclosure allegedly mailed by lender GSM)
- `postal-service/mailing-by-third-party-reasonably-foreseeable-to-defendant`
- S [conceded] `f2d-664-161-us-v-galloway.case` @1648 -- United States v. Galloway (1981)
- `postal-service/stipulated-use-of-mails-in-sales-operation`
- S [conceded] `f2d-386-132-lustiger-v-us.case` @985 -- Lustiger v. United States (1967)
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 2 (S 0 / N 0 / - 2)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 2 (S 0 / N 0 / - 2)
- - `f-supp-725-446-us-v-granberry.case` -- United States v. Granberry (1989)
- - `f3d-628-927-us-v-boone.case` -- United States v. Boone (2010)
## element `materiality`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- - `f-supp-725-446-us-v-granberry.case` -- United States v. Granberry (1989)
- - `f3d-231-471-us-v-chung-lo.case` -- United States v. Chung Lo (2000)
- - `f3d-628-927-us-v-boone.case` -- United States v. Boone (2010)
- **half-truth/** -- 2 (S 2 / N 0 / - 0)
- `half-truth/literally-true-advertising-omitting-qualifying-facts` -- 2 (S 2 / N 0 / - 0)
- S [proved] `f2d-386-132-lustiger-v-us.case` @8837 -- Lustiger v. United States (1967) -- count=representations about water (recreational and domestic)
- S [proved] `f2d-386-132-lustiger-v-us.case` @12458 -- Lustiger v. United States (1967) -- count=representations about access, utilities and land ownership
## element `property`
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 3 (S 0 / N 0 / - 3)
- - `f2d-386-132-lustiger-v-us.case` -- Lustiger v. United States (1967)
- - `f3d-231-471-us-v-chung-lo.case` -- United States v. Chung Lo (2000)
- - `f3d-628-927-us-v-boone.case` -- United States v. Boone (2010)
- **right-to-control/** -- 2 (S 0 / N 2 / - 0)
- `right-to-control/control-over-who-receives-budgeted-wages`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-725-446-us-v-granberry.case` @3766 -- United States v. Granberry (1989) -- party=Normandy School District (alleged victim); theory=intangible right to control how its money is spent
- `right-to-control/employer-control-over-whom-it-hires`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-725-446-us-v-granberry.case` @3866 -- United States v. Granberry (1989) -- party=Normandy School District (alleged victim); theory=intangible right to control: who is hired, job distribution, tort liability, type of persons contracted with
- **victim-property/** -- 2 (S 0 / N 2 / - 0)
- `victim-property/thing-obtained-is-property-only-in-recipients-hands`
- N [law] `us-531-12-cleveland-v-us.case` @19861 -- Cleveland v. United States (2000) -- theory=alternate ground first urged in this Court: the second clause ("for obtaining money or property") is an independent offense satisfied because the license is property in the licensee's hands
- `victim-property/unissued-state-license-in-regulators-hands`
- N [law] `us-531-12-cleveland-v-us.case` @1129 -- Cleveland v. United States (2000) -- theory=the State's interest in its unissued video poker licenses is property in the hands of the victim
- **bargained-for-payment/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `bargained-for-payment/wages-for-services-actually-performed`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-725-446-us-v-granberry.case` @3554 -- United States v. Granberry (1989) -- party=Normandy School District (alleged victim); theory=tangible money: wages paid to the defendant
- **government-license/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `government-license/unissued-permit-in-hands-of-state`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-725-446-us-v-granberry.case` @4720 -- United States v. Granberry (1989) -- party=State of Missouri (alleged victim); theory=state's control over distribution of bus operator's permits; the permit paper itself
- **regulatory-cost/** -- 1 (S 0 / N 1 / - 0)
- `regulatory-cost/routine-cost-of-processing-one-application`
- N [pleaded] `f-supp-725-446-us-v-granberry.case` @4584 -- United States v. Granberry (1989) -- party=State of Missouri (alleged victim); theory=control over allocation of processing resources; money cost of processing the fraudulent application
## element `scheme`
- **fraudulent-inducement/** -- 3 (S 3 / N 0 / - 0)
- `fraudulent-inducement/broker-submits-falsified-mortgage-loan-application`
- S [conceded] `f3d-231-471-us-v-chung-lo.case` @5082 -- United States v. Chung Lo (2000) -- count=Count 13 (Hugo property loan application to GSM)
- `fraudulent-inducement/mail-order-land-sale-brochure-portraying-nonexistent-planned-community`
- S [proved] `f2d-386-132-lustiger-v-us.case` @2934 -- Lustiger v. United States (1967)
- `fraudulent-inducement/odometer-rollback-wholesaler-defrauding-downstream-retail-buyers`
- S [proved] `f2d-664-161-us-v-galloway.case` @990 -- United States v. Galloway (1981)
- **(not reached, no variant)/** -- 2 (S 0 / N 0 / - 2)
- `(not reached, no variant)` -- 2 (S 0 / N 0 / - 2)
- - `f-supp-725-446-us-v-granberry.case` -- United States v. Granberry (1989)
- - `us-531-12-cleveland-v-us.case` -- Cleveland v. United States (2000)
## Other rulings (not instances; excluded from the counts above)
| role | scope | block | holding | variant | case |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| applied | dissent | element furtherance | not-satisfied [no-evidence] | `integral-to-essential-transaction/title-application-mailed-by-innocent-dealer-to-complete-retail-sale` | `f2d-664-161-us-v-galloway.case` -- opinion=Swygert, J., dissenting |
| applied | superseded | element furtherance | not-satisfied [no-evidence] | `integral-to-essential-transaction/title-application-mailed-by-innocent-dealer-to-complete-retail-sale` | `f2d-664-161-us-v-galloway.case` -- opinion=district court (directed verdict, reversed) |
| background | dissent | element property | satisfied [pleaded] | `intangible-expectancy/fair-opportunity-to-bid-for-contract-not-yet-awarded` | `f3d-29-112-us-v-henry.case` -- party=competing bidding banks (alleged victims); theory=reasonable expectancy of a prospective contract (tortious-interference analogy); opinion=Weis, J., dissenting |
| background | merits | element furtherance | not-reached | | `f-supp-2d-912-404-southern-snow-v-snowizard.case` |
| background | merits | element furtherance | not-reached | | `f3d-29-112-us-v-henry.case` |
| background | merits | element intent | not-satisfied [pleaded] | `particularity/lapsed-safety-certification-sticker-still-displayed` | `f-supp-2d-912-404-southern-snow-v-snowizard.case` -- theory=displaying a lapsed third-party safety certification (ETL) on machines; Rule 9(b) particularity |
| background | merits | element intent | not-reached | | `f3d-29-112-us-v-henry.case` |
| background | merits | element mails | not-reached | | `f-supp-2d-912-404-southern-snow-v-snowizard.case` |
| background | merits | element mails | not-reached | | `f3d-29-112-us-v-henry.case` |
| background | merits | element materiality | not-reached | | `f-supp-2d-912-404-southern-snow-v-snowizard.case` |
| background | merits | element materiality | not-reached | | `f3d-29-112-us-v-henry.case` |
| background | merits | element property | not-satisfied [pleaded] | `government-license/patent-or-trademark-registration-obtained-by-false-statements` | `f-supp-2d-912-404-southern-snow-v-snowizard.case` -- party=United States Patent and Trademark Office (the party deceived); theory=false statements to the USPTO to obtain patents and trademark registrations |
| background | merits | element property | not-satisfied [pleaded] | `intangible-expectancy/fair-opportunity-to-bid-for-contract-not-yet-awarded` | `f3d-29-112-us-v-henry.case` -- party=competing bidding banks (alleged victims); count=all counts (conspiracy with mail fraud as an object; wire fraud; bank fraud); theory=losing bidders' interest in a fair and honest opportunity to bid; opinion=majority |
| background | merits | element scheme | not-satisfied [pleaded] | `misrepresentation-of-legal-rights/asserting-intellectual-property-rights-against-competitors` | `f-supp-2d-912-404-southern-snow-v-snowizard.case` -- party=customers and competitors (recipients of the representations); theory=asserting the fraudulently obtained patent and trademark rights in the marketplace (advertising, cease-and-desist letters, internet postings) |
| background | merits | element scheme | not-satisfied [pleaded] | `deceptive-element/ordinary-trademark-infringement-recast-as-fraud` | `f-supp-2d-912-404-southern-snow-v-snowizard.case` -- theory=infringement of the plaintiffs' trademarks, coupled with fraud on the USPTO |
| background | merits | element scheme | not-reached | | `f3d-29-112-us-v-henry.case` |
| background | procedural | element honest-services-boundary | not-reached | `temporal-reach/conduct-before-section-1346-effective-date` | `f3d-29-112-us-v-henry.case` -- party=Henry (Commission comptroller) and Mike (state official); theory=breach of a public official's duties to the public and the Commission; opinion=majority |
| background | procedural | element property | not-reached | `right-to-control/theory-not-charged-in-indictment` | `f3d-29-112-us-v-henry.case` -- party=the Commission (alternative victim urged on appeal); theory=Commission's confidential business information; Commission's right to control how its money is invested; opinion=majority |
| comparator | merits | element property | not-reached | `loss-amount/no-statutory-loss-threshold` | `us-557-29-nijhawan-v-holder.case` -- count=prior conviction: conspiracy (18 U.S.C. 371) to commit mail fraud, wire fraud, bank fraud and money laundering |
| rule-announced | merits | element honest-services-boundary | not-reached | `section-1346/not-invoked-licensing-fraud` | `us-531-12-cleveland-v-us.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element materiality | not-reached | `common-law-fraud-incorporation/materiality-omitted-from-jury-instruction` | `us-527-1-neder-v-us.case` |
| rule-announced | merits | element scheme | not-reached | `common-law-fraud-incorporation/reliance-and-damage-not-required` | `us-527-1-neder-v-us.case` |
| rule-announced | procedural | element intent | not-reached | `inferred-knowledge/open-and-blatant-practice-in-defendants-office` | `f3d-628-927-us-v-boone.case` -- party=Boone (housing coordinator; not the central schemer); theory=admissibility of others' open shakedowns to show the defendant's knowledge (ostrich instruction given) |
| rule-announced | procedural | element scheme | not-reached | `scope-of-scheme/uncharged-later-shakedowns-by-co-schemers` | `f3d-628-927-us-v-boone.case` -- count=Count IV; theory=admissibility of shakedowns of other developers, after the charged mailing and without the defendant present, as direct proof of the scheme |
## Fact-line polarity
113 fact lines: cuts-against 45, supports 68; 13 of them flagged `absent` (the court notes what is NOT alleged or proved).